Abstract
This paper examines the identification of key indicators that could be used to measure the success of reclamation plants in post-exploration oil and gas mining areas. The main objective of this research was to find key indicators or variables for evaluating the level success of reclamation results in the post-mining of oil and gas area. In this study, 44 environmental variables of the physical, biological, soil, water and air indicators were analyzed from 70 field plots of 6 reclamation and 2 natural forest sites. The analysis methods included (1) cluster analysis using the Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering method with the Ward's method, and (2) quadratic discriminant analysis. The results of the clustering analysis showed that there were some clusters due to variation of biomass, water, soil and air conditions. The three clusters developed based on water and/or air variables provided high cophenetic correlation (0.80) with low within-cluster (14.5%) and high between-cluster variations (85.5%). Based on the multicollinearity analysis, average vector difference test, variance matrix variance test, unidimensional test of each variable and quadratic discriminant function, this study found that there were 3 key indicators determining variations of the quality of the reclamation plantations within the study sites, namely, biological indicator of biomass volume (Bio_B); soil indicator of P content in the soil (Tnh_P), saturation base of soil (Tnh_Kb), Manganese (Mn) content in the soil (Tnh_Mn), Sulfur content in the soil (Tnh_S), percentage of ash in the soil (Tnh_Ab), percentage of clay in the soil (Tnh_Li), and water indicator of chloride content in the surface water (Air_Cl). The examination on four classes of the reclamation quality showed that the classes were successfully classified having excellent cross-validation error matrix with overall accuracy more than 90%.
Highlights
The role of the mining sector is contributing to the economic growth of the nation, and the mining activities always bring impacts on the biophysical, economic, and socio-cultural environment
Every exploration and/or mining activity is always followed by a forest reclamation activity, which is an effort to restore the former mine into more productive lands (Singh et al, 2010)
Exploration of reclamation conditions based on Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) The initial analysis using the AHC approach found that the reclamation conditions were clustered following the variation of the environmental variables considered in this study
Summary
The role of the mining sector is contributing to the economic growth of the nation, and the mining activities always bring impacts on the biophysical, economic, and socio-cultural environment. In the biophysical aspect, mining activities could cause changes in land cover directly. The level of change in land cover caused by mining activities is highly dependent on the type, method and stages of mining activities applied (Vasuki et al, 2019). Every exploration and/or mining activity is always followed by a forest reclamation activity, which is an effort to restore the former mine into more productive lands (Singh et al, 2010). Reclamation activities through vegetation planting is always followed by monitoring and evaluation of the success of reclamation plants. The monitoring activities need to be performed periodically to monitor the progress of the work; while the evaluation activities are intended to measure the degree of success of forest and/or land reclamation activities (Block et al, 2001)
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