Abstract
Periodontitis is a microbial-induced chronic inflammatory disease, which may not only result in tooth loss, but can also contribute to the development of various systemic diseases. The transition from healthy to diseased periodontium depends on microbial dysbiosis and impaired host immune response. Although periodontitis is a common disease as well as associated with various systemic inflammatory conditions, the taxonomic profiling of the salivary microbiota in periodontitis and its association with host immune and inflammatory mediators has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify key pathogens and their potential interaction with the host's inflammatory mediators in saliva samples for periodontitis risk assessment. The microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the levels of inflammatory mediators were performed in saliva samples from patients with chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy control subjects. The salivary microbial community composition differed significantly between patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. Our analyses identified a number of microbes, including bacteria assigned to Eubacterium saphenum, Tannerella forsythia, Filifactor alocis, Streptococcus mitis/parasanguinis, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella sp., Phocaeicola sp., and Fretibacterium sp. as more abundant in periodontitis, compared to healthy controls. In samples from healthy individuals, we identified Campylobacter concisus, and Veillonella sp. as more abundant. Integrative analysis of the microbiota and inflammatory mediators/cytokines revealed associations that included positive correlations between the pathogens Treponema sp. and Selenomas sp. and the cytokines chitinase 3-like 1, sIL-6Rα, sTNF-R1, and gp130/sIL-6Rβ. In addition, a negative correlation was identified between IL-10 and Filifactor alocis. Our results reveal distinct and disease-specific patterns of salivary microbial composition between patients with periodontitis and healthy controls, as well as significant correlations between microbiota and host-mediated inflammatory cytokines. The positive correlations between the pathogens Treponema sp. and Selenomas sp. and the cytokines chitinase 3-like 1, sIL-6Rα, sTNF-R1, and gp130/sIL-6Rβ might have the future potential to serve as a combined bacteria-host salivary biomarker panel for diagnosis of the chronic infectious disease periodontitis. However, further studies are required to determine the capacity of these microbes and inflammatory mediators as a salivary biomarker panel for periodontitis.
Highlights
Periodontitis is a microbial-induced chronic inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting structures
The results revealed that three cytokines, namely glycoprotein 130/soluble IL-6 receptor β, IL-19 and soluble TNF receptor 1, were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in periodontitis compared to controls (Figure 5)
In this study we report specific salivary microbial signatures for periodontitis, as identified by high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing of periodontitis patients and healthy controls
Summary
Periodontitis is a microbial-induced chronic inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting structures. Substances from the biofilm, such as lipopolysaccharides and toxins, activate a host immune response leading to release of various inflammatory mediators (such as prostaglandin E2) and cytokines such as interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as proteolytic enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Page and Kornman, 1997; Darveau, 2010; Yucel-Lindberg and Bage, 2013) Elevated levels of these mediators have been reported in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva (Fujita et al, 2012; Ertugrul et al, 2013; Rathnayake et al, 2013) in case of chronic periodontitis, and numerous studies have been performed to investigate their utility as single potential biomarker for periodontitis (Buduneli and Kinane, 2011; de Lima et al, 2016). To our knowledge, there is today no combined host-response associated salivary diagnostic biomarker panel in clinical use for early diagnosis of periodontitis
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
