Abstract
Background The presence of pathogenic bacteria in circulated currency was recorded as a public health hazard. In this study, all examined Sudanese banknotes (100%) were found to be contaminated by gram negative bacteria. Proteus mirabilis were recovered from ten examined notes (22.2%, f=10), E.coli (13.3%, f= 6) and Klebsiella spp. (8.9%, f= 4) were also identified. Only the most resistant Proteus mirabilis isolate was identified using culture-based and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques.
Highlights
Proteus mirabilis causes 90% of Proteus infections [1]
This study aimed to identify the bacterial isolates recovered from Sudanese banknotes using culture-based and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques
All P. mirabilis isolates were completely sensitive to Meropenem (MEM), Levofloxacin (LEV), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Gentamicin (GEN), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Ceftriaxone (CTR), Cephalexin (CN), and Amoxyclav (AMC), as well as they were completely resistant to Azithromycin (AZM) and Erythromycin (E)
Summary
Proteus mirabilis causes 90% of Proteus infections [1]. It has been implicated in meningitis, empyema, osteomyelitis, and gastroenteritis. Identification of bacteria is frequently performed by isolation of the organisms and study of their phenotypic characteristics, including gram staining, morphology, culture requirements, and biochemical reactions [3]. The most resistant P. mirabilis isolate was identified using culture-based and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques. The phylogenetic tree was constructed to show the evolutionary relationships of the obtained sequence with similar sequences in the databases using MEGA7 software, and the closest strain was found to be P. mirabilis strain from India (EU411047). Conclusion: This study has shown that some currency notes circulated at Khartoum transportation are carriers of antimicrobial-resistant P. mirabilis that could be potential source for their transmission in public
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