Identification of nutrients and phytochemicals of raja banana (Musa acuminata) peels extracted with ethanol and acetone solvents and its potential as an anti-obesity agent

Banana peel turns out to have many benefits, one of which is that it can be used to accelerate the wound healing process. Banana peel (Musa Paradisiaca L.) ripe yellow skin is rich in flavonoid compounds, as well as other phenolic compounds, besides containing a lot of carbohydrates, minerals such as potassium and sodium and cellulose. This study aims to determine the wound healing effect of cuts using the Ethanol Extract of Kepok Banana Skins in Rats. Determine the concentration of ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel which is the most effective in healing wound cuts in mice. Knowing a significant difference to the acceleration of wound healing between ethanol extracts of Kepok banana peel and betadin. Research methods conducted included characterization, effectiveness test of ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel, manufacture of extract by maceration using ethanol 96% solvent, test of effectiveness of ethanol extract of kepok banana peel on cut wounds in mice. Data analysis using SPSS is Anova One Way Test. From the results of this study the ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel can have an effect on wound healing in mice. Ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel is faster than betadin in healing wound cuts in mice. Ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel with a dose of 750 Mg / kg BW is the most effective in healing wound cuts in rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic diseases caused by impaired insulin secretion. The prevalence of DM in pets increased from 2006 until 2015.Therapy by using insulin feared can be worse for patient, so yhat alternative medicine is needed like banana peel. The aims of this study isto determine the effect ofethanol extract of Mas banana peel ( Musa acuminata (AA Group)) to decrease level of glucose in mice’s blood ( Mus musculus ) were induced by alloxan. This research was conducted in June 2017 at Biopharmaceutical Laboratory Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University. This study uses 24 male mice which divided into 6 groups where the normal control (standard diet), negative control (Na.Cmc 1%), positive control (Metformin 140mg/KgBB) and treatment group by ethanol extract of Mas banana peel 1%, 5%, and 25%. The treatment was given for 10 days. Data were analyzed using one way Anova. The result of this study showed that ethanol extract in banana peel decrease the level of blood glucose which the decrease percentage are 43,15%, 54,61%, 74,28%. The summary of this research is the treatment by using variant concentration of ethanol extract of Mas banana peelfor 10 days give the significant effect for decreasing the level of blood glucose (p<0,05) and the activity of ethanol extract of Mas Banana Peel 25% are not give the significant effect with metformin dose 140mg/KgBB (p>0,05).

Antioxidants are defined as inhibitors that work to inhibit oxidation by reacting with reactive free radicals to form stable unreactive free radicals. Antioxidants are substances that can delay, slow down and prevent the oxidation process or neutralize free radicals. Plantain peel contains several metabolite compounds that have the potential to have antioxidant activity such as saponins, polyphenols and tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids. Banana peel extract has high antioxidant activity. The methanol extract of banana peels was higher in total flavonoids and phenolics compared to the n-hexane extract of banana peels. The aim of this research was to test the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of plantain peel using the FRAP (Ferrc Reduxing Antioxidant Power) method. The extraction method for plantain peel uses the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The ethanol extract of plantain peel was then added with several FRAP reagents then measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 720 nm with quercetin as a comparison and the results of the quercetin test obtained a linearity equation y = 0.0207x + 0.0114 with a correlation coefficient value of r = 0.9904. The results showed that the ethanol extract of plantain peel had antioxidant activity of 26.5828 mgQE/g extract.

Acne vulgaris is a skin condition performed the acne due to bacterial activity that infects the skin. Acne problems are often the cause of a person that decrease in self-confidence. One of the most common acne-causing bacteria is Propionibacterium acnes. P.acnes is a gram-positive bacterium with its morphological, shape, properties and composition classified in the group of corynebacteria, but this type of bacteria is not toxigenic or bacteria that does not produce toxic substances (toxic). One of the materials that can be used for acne medication is banana peel. Banana peels are residual waste products from domestic industrial production. The waste of Banana peels have potential as an antibacterial. They contain secondary metabolites such as phenolics, quinones and flavonoids which can act as antibacterials. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial activity of raw kepok banana (Musa acuminata) peel extract against Propionibacterium acne bacteria as a cause of acne. Antibacterial activity test in this study was carried out using the well diffusion method to see how the antibacterial effect of raw kepok banana peel (Musa acuminata) had on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Kepok banana peel extracts were fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate and water. The results of the antibacterial activity test for the three fractions showed that the water fraction of kepok banana peel extract represented the best inhibition zone of 10.02 ± 0.05 mm, 11.28 ± 0.13 mm, 12.38 ± 0.02 mm and 16.97 ± 0.36 with a strong category at successive concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%.

Banana fruit is widely grown and serves as a source of income across the tropics. It is known for its nutritional qualities and well-recognized medicinal applications. Given that banana pulp and peel are rich in flavonoids, such as naringenin, kaempferol, and quercetin, which are already known for their role in bone health, we hypothesize that banana pulp and peel can accelerate fracture healing, mitigate bone loss in post-menopausal conditions, and promote osteoblast differentiation. The current study was proposed to assess a comparative and parallel investigation of the differential flavonoid expression in banana pulp and peel and their concomitant bone anabolic effects. The pulp extract exhibited its osteogenic potential when administered orally for 2 weeks at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg per kg per day in the osteotomy Balb/c mice model (n = 10), while the peel extract showed similar effects at comparatively much lower doses of 50, 100 and 250 mg per kg per day for the same duration. The effective lower doses in both cases, i.e., 250 mg per kg per day for the pulp and 50 mg per kg per day for the peel, were used to further investigate the anti-osteoporotic potential in vivo over a span of 8 weeks (n = 10). Banana pulp ameliorated the microarchitectural deterioration of the bones by increasing the rate of bone formation while simultaneously limiting exaggerated resorption, as assessed by micro-CT, calcein labelling, TRAP staining, bone strength parameters and measurement of bone formation and resorption markers in serum. Similar results were obtained with the banana peel extract at considerably lower doses. The osteogenic potential of the pulp and peel extracts was also tested in an in vitro setup. Osteoblast viability and differentiation, as assessed by MTT, ALP, mineralization and RT-PCR, demonstrated that bone formation potential was observed at 2.5 μg ml-1 and 5 μg ml-1 of the pulp extract, whereas in the case of the peel extract, it was observed at 0.625 μg ml-1 and 1.25 μg ml-1. These findings indicate that banana peel can exert similar osteogenic and osteoprotective effects as the pulp but at a much lower dose. This highlights banana peel as a prospective, sustainable feedstock for the healthcare sector, providing an alternative to its disposal.

Using banana peel extract as an antioxidant in freshly squeezed orange juices and juices from concentrate was evaluated. Free radical scavenging capacity increased by adding banana peel extracts to both types of orange juice. In addition, remarkable increases in antioxidant capacity using 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical were observed when equal or greater than 5mg of banana peel extract per ml of freshly squeezed juice was added. No clear effects were observed in the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Adding 5mg banana peel extract per ml of orange juice did not substantially modify the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of either type of juice. However, undesirable changes in the sensory characteristics (in-mouth sensations and colour) were detected when equal or greater than 10mg banana peel extract per ml of orange juice was added. These results confirm that banana peel is a promising natural additive that increases the capacity to scavenge free radicals of orange juice with acceptable sensory and physicochemical characteristics for the consumer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, in vitro antimicrobial activity, DNA damage activity, and bioactive compound identifications in three different banana peels, namely Musa acuminata (Kluai Hom Thong; HT), Musa sapientum L. (Kluai Nam Wa; NW), and Musa balbisiana (Kluai Ta Nee; TN). The extraction was accomplished through maceration with 95% ethanol. Antioxidant capacity was determined to confirm the antioxidant and phytochemical contents. Their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) that commonly infect livestock. ANOVA analysis was used to statistically analyze the results. The amount of ethanolic extractive yield in NW peel extracts was the highest value (9.80 ± 0.12% of dry material weight). In addition, NW had the highest total phenolic content than that of other species, which may be related to its high FRAP, DPPH-antiradical, and DNA damage activity. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of NW peel extracts was more effective against B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. coli with the mean inhibition zone of 13, 15 and 13 mm respectively. The bioactive compounds were identified using GC-MS. Several antioxidant compounds included n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, and squalene. While phytol and squalene were found to possess antibacterial activity. The extracts of banana peels contained 9,19-cyclolanost-25-en-3-ol, 24-methyl-, (3.beta.,24S)- which exhibited antibacterial activity against E.coli. Phytochemical characteristics, antibacterial activity, and bioactive components of NW banana peel extracts were superior to those of HT and TN. Keywords: GC-MS, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Musa acuminata, Musa sapientum L., Musa balbisiana

The bioactive compounds of banana peels and cinnamon barks were extracted by vacuum microwave and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods at pre-determined temperatures and times. These methods enhance the yield extracts in shorter time. The highest yields of both extracts were obtained from the conditions which employed the highest temperature and the longest time. The extracts' yield from cinnamon bark method was higher by ultrasonic than vacuum microwave method, while vacuum microwave method gave higher extraction yield from banana peel than ultrasonic method. The phenolic contents of cinnamon bark and banana peel extracts were 467 and 35mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, respectively. The flavonoid content found in banana peel and cinnamon bark extracts were 196 and 428mg/g quercetin equivalent, respectively. In addition, it was found that cinnamon bark gave higher 2,2-Diphenyl-1-1 picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity (TAA). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was analyzed by measuring the peroxide and p-anisidine values after oxidation of fish oils, stored for a month (30days) at 25°C and showed lesser peroxide and p-anisidine values in the fish oils containing the sample extracts in comparison to the fish oil without containing any extract. The banana peel and cinnamon extracts had shown the ability as antioxidants to prevent the oxidation of fish oil and might be considered as rich sources of natural antioxidant.

Banana peel is one of the wastes that can be explored for various applications. Cavendish is among the most highly consumed bananas in the world, which implies a high amount of banana peel waste. Our study evaluated the potential of Cavendish banana peels as the source of antioxidant and anti-aging agents. Antioxidant was extracted using three different solvents, i.e., water, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was then assayed for antioxidant activity in vitro using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant and anti-aging activity of the extracts were further evaluated at the cellular level using the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model. Our data indicated that the methanol extract of banana peel showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 253.8 µg mL-1 compared to ethyl acetate and water, yet it was considered weak. Interestingly, the methanol extract (600 ppm) showed antioxidant and anti-aging activities at cellular levels in yeast S. pombe. Therefore, this research reveals the potential for developing banana peel methanol extract as a component of pharmaceutical or cosmetic products with antioxidant and anti-aging properties.

Antioxidant activity in banana peel extracts: Testing extraction conditions and related bioactive compounds

Indonesia is the largest banana producer in Asia and each year continues to increase its production. The number of banana production in Indonesia reached 4,177,155 tons in 2003 and increased continuously to 6,373,533 tons in 2009. The abundance of banana peel is not comparable with the utilization of a banana peel in the society which has so far not been processed much apart from being animal feed. Two types of bananas that are often processed but the peels have not been optimally utilized yet are “kepok putih” and “tanduk”. Banana peel of “kepok kuning” extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, saponins and tannins. However, the phytochemical compounds of banana peel “kepok putih” and “tanduk” have not been widely studied. Thus, this research aims to identify the phytochemical compounds from banana peel of “kepok putih” and “tanduk”. The extraction method which used in this experiment was the maceration method using 96 % ethanol solvent. Based on the test results, which may be obtained, it is known that the ethanol extract of banana peel “kepok putih” contains flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, while “tanduk” contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids

ABSTRACTBanana is one of the most common crops in Indonesia. Banana peel contains phenolic antioxidant compounds. This study used extraction, DPPH, and spectrophotometry to determine the potential antioxidant activity of three types of banana peels, namely kepok banana peel, trout banana peel, and jackfruit banana peel. Banana peel simplisia powder was extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol as solvent. The resulting banana peel extract was then phytochemical screening for flavonoid compounds, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids. This antioxidant activity test used a qualitative method using TLC and quantitative method with reagent of 0.2 N DPPH by UVVis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the three banana peels tested had antioxidant activity and it is classified as active. The IC50 values for the ethanolic extracts of kepok banana peel, trout banana peel, and jackfruit banana peel were 9,702 ppm, 13,322 ppm and 10,747 ppm respectively. Ascorbic acid as a comparison obtained an IC50 value of 9,613 ppm. From the data obtained, kepok banana peel extract has the highest antioxidant than extract of trout banana peel, and jackfruit banana peel.Keywords: antioxidant, DPPH, jackfruit banana peel, kepok banana peel, trout banana peel

The banana processing industry produces many by-products, mainly banana peel. Banana peel waste, after banana processing, can be a good source of bioactive compounds. Extraction of phenolic compounds using optimum extraction conditions enhances the yield and quality of the products. This study evaluated optimizing the extraction time for the maximum extraction yield from banana peels, consequently lowering the overall process cost. In addition, the application of increasing the value of banana waste was also evaluated. The optimum conditions were achieved using 95% ethanol with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:5, 25 ± 5 oC under various extraction times (0-96 h). The responses, such as total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH inhibition activity, were measured by spectrophotometric analysis. The optimal incubation time at 72 h was found to be more effective compared to the others. The values of TPC, TFC, and DPPH inhibitory activity at optimized conditions were 8.23 ± 0.42 mg gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE)/g, 8.18 ± 0.08 mg quercetin equivalent (mg QE)/ g, and 93.96%, respectively. The ethanolic extract of banana peel had an inhibition concentration (IC50) of 48.35 ± 0.88 μg/mL. After that, banana peel extract was subjected to study the potential for cosmetic application. The extract was applied as an ingredient in facial toner. The toners were preliminarily characterized. Banana peel waste possesses reasonable antioxidant activity and shows high stability over time. The results showed high potential for cosmetic applications using banana peel extract. In addition, using banana peel waste reduces agricultural waste in the environment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic diseases caused by impaired insulin secretion. The prevalence of DM in pets increased from 2006 until 2015.Therapy by using insulin feared can be worse for patient, so yhat alternative medicine is needed like banana peel. The aims of this study isto determine the effect ofethanol extract of Mas banana peel ( Musa acuminata (AA Group)) to decrease level of glucose in mice’s blood ( Mus musculus ) were induced by alloxan. This research was conducted in June 2017 at Biopharmaceutical Laboratory Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University. This study uses 24 male mice which divided into 6 groups where the normal control (standard diet), negative control (Na.Cmc 1%), positive control (Metformin 140mg/KgBB) and treatment group by ethanol extract of Mas banana peel 1%, 5%, and 25%. The treatment was given for 10 days. Data were analyzed using one way Anova. The result of this study showed that ethanol extract in banana peel decrease the level of blood glucose which the decrease percentage are 43,15%, 54,61%, 74,28%. The summary of this research is the treatment by using variant concentration of ethanol extract of Mas banana peelfor 10 days give the significant effect for decreasing the level of blood glucose (p 0,05).

Pancreatic lipase plays an important role in converting triglyceride into long-chain fatty acids and glycerol, then becomes a therapeutic target for obesity treatment. Quercetin and chrysin are able to inhibit pancreatic lipase, which is potentially developed for obesity treatment. This study aimed to identify quercetin and chrysin derived from the methanol extract of raja and kepok banana peels using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) for the development of obesity treatment. Raja and kepok banana peels were purchased from a fruit seller in Klaten City. Raja and kepok banana peels were extracted using the maceration method with 80% (v/v) methanol solvent. Quercetin and chrysin compounds were identified using HPLC and LC-MS at the Integrated Laboratory UNS and Universitas Diponegoro, respectively. Quercetin concentration was calculated using linear regression of diluted standard quercetin. The quercetin concentration in the raja peel extract was 0.338 mg/dL but was not detected in the kepok banana peel extract. The peak of chrysin in raja and kepok banana peel extract was not detected. LC-MS analysis identified chrysin in raja banana peel extract. In conclusion, raja banana peel extract is a potential source of quercetin and chrysin for alternative natural lipase inhibitors for obesity treatment. Further research is required carry out extraction using other solvents, isolate and purify quercetin and chrysin from raja banana peel extract, which will be used for in vitro and in vivo studies.