Wtf (‘what the fuck’) as a pragmatic borrowing from English in Finnish and Chilean Spanish conversations on the social media platform X

The wanderlust of German words and their pragmatic adaptation in English

The roles of language use in printed mass media, especially in a daily newspaper, such as in “Radar Sulteng”, are important enough to have been dominant. There are some registers and language variations used in it. This research aims to describe the form of English borrowing into Indonesian and to describe the factors affected the use of those loanwords. Borrowing can be defined as the transfer of linguistic materials from English as the source language (SL) into Indonesia as the recipient language (RL) via the agency of speakers for whom the latter is the linguistically dominant language. This research focus more on the linguistic and sociolinguistic processes underlying borrowing. The linguistic’s insight attempted to describe some factors of borrowing, those are: there is no sufficient words in RL (Indonesia); giving semantic’s meaning from SL; giving a specific register in RL by imported materials from SL; and adopting of lexical materials along with some overt structural elements into Indonesia. Meanwhile, from sociolinguistic processes, there are two reasons determined borrowing, to indicate the personal identity and to indicate the concept of modernity.

The vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth centurу as a systemic dynamic phenomenon was studied in the thesis basing on Ukrainian-language written sources of various styles and genres, a set of techniques was selected and applied, a number of new approaches to the analysis of the time dynamics of vocabulary was proposed. It is stressed that the most noticeable are changes of vocabulary and semantics due to the verbalization of the dynamics of the culture of society – the transformations in the material-subject and production spheres, intercessions of some social and cultural dominants. It is accentuated that an important factor in the dynamics of the Ukrainian language is its interaction with the other languages, that leads to the changes in the structure of language elements, their interconnections and their functions. The correlation between dynamics and statics in the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XIth–XVth century and XVIth–XVIIth century is determined, combinations of various changes of the lexical system of the Ukrainian language are characterised. Changes appear in the formation of new values of specific or borrowed lexemes as a result of metonymic transformations, semantic attraction, entering into constant phrases or cliché expressions, generalization or specialization of meanings, emergence of connotative, estimative elements of semantics. Functional reduction of the word, its absence in the written sources of the next period in comparison with the previous stage of the existence in language testifies deactualization of the notion in the language model of the world, as well as intercession of an older lexeme by a new nomination – specific or borrowed. The regularities of the expansion of the Ukrainian vocabulary due to foreign-language influences are discovered, the factors that influenced the degree of saturation of thematic and lexical-semantic groups are outlined. The architectonics of the lexical system and its conceptual organization as a reproduction of the contemporary language model of the world of Ukrainian people are revealed. The formal and semantic derivation of nominative units, adaptation of borrowings to the structure of the recipient language are analized. Dynamics of the formal structure of the vocabulary is connected with a change in the meaning of the primary lexeme. Formal derivation establishes motivational and word-formation models, outlines productive ones for the appropriate period of language development. According to the sources of the XVIth–XVIIth century both non-hybrid (monolingual) and hybrid derivatives are present there. Analysis of derivatives of foreign genesis, the history of their appearance in the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth century, as well as the study of the functioning of borrowings in the language allowed to estimate hypothetically the place of derivation (in the source language, intermediate language, recipient language); complexity of genesis estimation of derivatives associated with the presence of common affixes and word-formation models for interacting languages. For many lexemes the time of their appearance in the Ukrainian language is specified, assumptions about time and conditions of borrowings are verified. For the study of the history of borrowings it is important to find out the history of functioning of the corresponding lexemes in the source language and intermediate languages, and their timing appearance (moment of entry), distribution and adaptation in the recipient language. Determination of the moment, the time of „birth” – appearance and rooting – of the borrowings foresees the proof of the absence of written fixation of an appropriate lexeme in older written sources. The conditional identification of the time of the first fixation and the time of borrowing allowed to find out lexemes for which the time of borrowing can be set: for such date a year / relative chronological sign, which is indicated in the written source, or exactly the year of writing a memorial are accepted. For a series of lexemes relative chronological characteristics (indication of time period from the interval of one year to another or the corresponding century) are proposed. Application of methods of determining the time of the appearance of lexeme based on the history of the designated reality contributed to the definition of borrowings that nominate the notion of material culture, the history of which is clearly established, or the time before which these borrowings could not appear in the recipient language. It was clarified that the chronology of foreign language nominatives contributes to clarification of the sources of borrowing, in particular, for alternative explanations available in science. An important role in determining the chronological characteristics of the lexemes has the information about the peculiarities of the analyzed lexemes’ functionning in the potential intermediary languages.

The article examines the semantic adaptation of Spanish loanwords in modern Russian. The present subject exhibits unique scholarly merit owing to the previous lack of comprehensive study. A comparative analysis of the semantic systems of the source and recipient languages is undertaken, with a focus on semantic shifts in Spanish borrowings, their causative factors, recurring patterns, as well as the integration into the lexicon of the recipient language. In the course of the research, a comprehensive array of lexicographical resources was utilized, encompassing academic dictionaries of the Russian language, explanatory dictionaries, and a substantial collection of dictionaries of foreign words from various publication years. Additionally, materials from the National Corpus of the Russian Language were employed. The complex dataset allowed the author to illustrate the presence and diachronic semantic assimilation of Spanish loanwords, influenced by multiple factors. The present study draws upon the methodologies of component and contextual analysis. Consequently, the author identifies three tendencies in the semantic development of Spanish borrowings in the process of their functioning in modern Russian. Firstly, words maintain their status of exoticisms, exhibiting no lexical adaptation or expansion of semantics. Secondly, words evolve metaphorical meanings, as evidenced by the lexeme “hurricane” being used to describe a person of explosive character. Thirdly, the meaning broadens beyond its original scope in the source language. For instance, the Spanish term “armada” in modern Russian can denote not only a set of ships but also airplanes, tanks, and even a group of people.

This paper addresses the question of whether certain types of cleft constructions found in earlier stages of English can be interpreted as instances of pragmatic borrowing from French. According to Prince (1988) this type of borrowing can be assumed if (i) a syntactic form in the recipient language is construed in an analogous fashion to a syntactic form in the source language; (ii) the discourse functions of the syntactic form in the source language are borrowed and associated with the syntactic form in the recipient language. Based on a corpus study of Anglo-French (AF) and Middle English (ME) we will show that both languages exhibited a number of different types of cleft constructions some of which seem to have had similar, and some seem to have had different functions. By identifying the nature of clefts in AF as being ambiguous between clefts and predicative constructions, we will discuss in how far this ambiguity could be seen as an accelerating factor of contact-induced change leading to pragmatic borrowing into ME.

Resyllabification happens when the syllable structure of the source language differ from that of the recipient language. This article aims at observing how Indonesian words borrowed by English language are resyllabified in order to match with the syllable structures of English language as the recipient language. Results show that the resyllabification of English loanwords can be analyzed by applying deletion and addition rule. The result of deletion rule is the reduced number of syllable of loanwords (such as in cutch, cockatoo, cajeput, kris, prau, tombac, and trepan), while addition rule results on the addition of the number of syllable (such as in catechu, caladium, mangosteen, and pandanus). Keywords: resyllabification, borrowing, source language, recipient language

This contribution focuses on the professional psychotherapeutic vocabulary, its origin and development in Ukrainian, and, more specifically, on the significant influence of German concepts on the development of relevant professional vocabulary in Ukrainian. It identifies a number of specific features of such professional vocabulary, such as clarity and attachment to the profession, that is, the embedment of professional terms in a specific terminological system and their readiness for professional use. The quality that differentiates such terms from other subjects, concepts, or processes is accuracy. The vertical gradation of communication of speakers in the psychotherapeutic process, which involves internal communication of professionals with each other, communication of professionals with non-professionals, inter-professional communication, is explored. The development of relevant terminology, its dissemination and derivation from the source language into the recipient language, the impact of the source language on the recipient language, and the rules that such newly formed words comply with are analysed. Specifically, such derivation is possible in the form of transliteration, calquing, or partial derivation, and the translator may resort to the lexical substitution technique, that is, replace individual lexical items of the basic lexeme in the recipient language. The article further describes the specifics of professional vocabulary and the attributes that are common with and different from general vocabulary and explains the role of the translator in the psychotherapeutic process. Potential difficulties and typical mistakes that may arise during such translation are discussed, and ways for overcoming these difficulties are suggested. It also describes the adequacy and equivalence of translation, where adequacy refers to the source and final texts with reference to the purpose of translation.

The article examines the linguistic aspects of the process of borrowing terms from the English language into the sports sphere of the German language from the perspective of a cognitive approach. It analyses the features of cognitive interaction of the conceptual systems of professional spheres. The paper describes transformation models of cognitive structures into the recipient language in the process of terminological borrowing on the material of sports Anglicisms of the German language. The study shows that loanwords most often convey a conceptual structure in the recipient language, which is generated on the basis of already existing mental structures in the source language. Various cognitive models of the transformation of the “alien” concept are defined: preserving the original structure of the prototype concept; developing new conceptual features in the recipient language; narrowing the conceptual structure of the concept prototype. The research contributes to the problem of the representation of knowledge in a term, the identification of linguistic and cognitive mechanisms of knowledge representation through borrowed linguistic units. The results can be used in the courses on cognitive linguistics, lexicology, in research practice and lexicographical descriptions, as well as in teaching practical language skills in professional sports. Keywords: Borrowing, terms, sports terminology, cognitive terminology, professional knowledge.

Integrational processes on a worldwide scale engender the interaction between the languages of the world, a phenomenon which scholars define as linguistic globalization. These processes have created the need for a common system of language communication among nations. This function has been taken up by American English. The subject of our study is the linguistic reality of modern globalization. Our goal is to investigate the interaction of global English with other language systems, as exemplified by the Ukrainian language. In our study we will examine various views with regard to global English, characterize its influence on other language systems, analyze system-internal possibilities of Ukrainian as a recipient language on the basis of language data drawn from the area of tourism, and prognosticate with regard to the functioning of English as a global language. Our study includes the following sections: “The plurality of opinions”, “A challenge to language specificity”, “Ukrainian as a recipient language”, “Prognosis”. The methods and technique of our investigation are stipulated by its goal, its tasks and the characteristics of the analyzed data: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis; the descriptive method which enables the systematization of linguistic data, its interpretation and the making of generalizations; the technique of selection which enables the delineation of linguistic units. The material presented points to the conclusion that the national language of Ukrainians, as a recipient language, is capable of utilizing the resources of its linguistic system, simultaneously undergoing change resulting in growth of the language system due to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The forms of interaction of a global language with another national language can be not only constructive, but also destructive: when English words and expressions displace language-inherent units and become substituted in their place, and when the tendency grows to use anglicisms for naming not only new concepts but also well-known ones. The present time dimension of the development of the current processes of globalization is as yet not adequate to enable thorough conclusions about their influence on national language systems. Linguistic globalization cannot, therefore, be viewed from only one perspective: as exclusively negative (pessimistically) or as exclusively positive (optimistically). One must admit that at present there is no alternative to “American English” in the process of facilitating the current international communication, which leads to the formation of a new bilingual world map. In this age of globalization there is a need for nations to preserve their cultural and linguistic self-identity, since there is the danger that they may lose their language as a medium of national identity when crucial spheres of their life and activities, particularly the domain of specialized communication, become totally engulfed by a “global language”. All challenges to language resulting from modern globalization are foremost reflected within the area of terminology of each language, since it is this part of the lexicon which is most sensitive to technical and cultural change, and thus of utmost importance to human communication. Ukraine needs to develop a strategy for the further development of its national language within the modern globalized world. The Ukrainian nation should not detach itself from cultural processes of the 21st century and thus remain isolated within its own cultural and linguistic borders. Nevertheless, it is necessary to control the process of Ukraine’s entering into the globalized world.

Pragmatic borrowing

Intonational plateaus exist in Chilean Spanish in contexts in which they do not exist in any other variety of Spanish. Mapudungun, which has been in contact with Chilean Spanish for centuries, also has plateaus in similar contexts, although for years, the possibility of any influence of Mapudungun on Spanish has been largely dismissed. The present study examines the discourse contexts in which intonational plateaus occur in both Chilean Spanish and Mapudungun and finds that their pragmatic function is similar, with the vast majority of cases highlighting information based on the subjective communicative desire of the speaker rather than falling into established syntactic or pragmatic categories such as narrow focus. However, while the pragmatic function is similar between the languages, Mapudungun has a wider use of the plateaus, indicating a likely longer presence in this language. Based on the similarities in pragmatic function, the absence of such plateaus in any other variety of Spanish, and the wider use of plateaus in Mapudungun, this paper argues that the Chilean Spanish plateaus originate from Mapudungun due to their centuries-long history of intense language contact.

The object of the research is the ways of transferring culinary idionyms of English and German (source languages) into Russian (recipient language), taking into account the realities of cultures. The article discusses the definition of idionyms, their connection with the culture of peoples, shows the main ways of transmitting idionyms using examples of real restaurant menus and culinary sites. The difficulties faced by a translator in the course of his work when working with idionyms of different languages are also considered. The application of methods of translating traditional English and German dishes into Russian is demonstrated using specific examples. It is shown how the same idiomatic name of a dish can be conveyed in different ways in the menus of restaurants, cafes and on various culinary sites. General scientific methods were used in the work: analysis and comparison. The linguistic method of continuous sampling was also used, with the help of which different names of the same traditional dish were identified in the recipient language, depending on the chosen method: transliteration, tracing paper, descriptive, combined. Conclusions are drawn about the most successful strategy for translating dish names is a combination approach: calcification and descriptive translation due to the fact that it preserves the cultural realities of the source language and allows the recipient to understand the composition of the dish. The main task in intercultural interaction is to prevent intercultural conflicts that may arise, including due to erroneous, inadequate translation of gastronomic idionyms. The translator or the menu compiler is recommended to turn to additional sources to preserve the national and cultural coloring of the culinary idiom, at the same time conveying the composition of the dish and preventing distortion of its connotation.

1 IntroductionOne of the first aspects of the study of words borrowed from one language into another which engaged the attention of writers in the field was their classification. Treffers-Daller (2000: 2) shows that this special interest in the formal aspects of borrowings was motivated by the fact that, in the early stages of language contact study, the emphasis was mainly on the products of borrowing, rather than on the process in itself. It was also a consequence of the complex character of the borrowing process, which leads to the existence of a whole array of combinational patterns between native and foreign material. These underlying linguistic realities formed the backdrop against which various proposals for classification emerged, some of which are still in use today.A very comprehensive taxonomy of borrowings was developed by Haugen (1950), based on the analysis of the speech of Norwegian immigrants into the United States. Underlying Haugen's terminological framework is the idea that borrowing results from two main mechanisms, importation and substitution. Depending on the way in which importation and combine in the borrowing process, the outcomes of this process can range on a form-meaning continuum from foreign forms being borrowed together with their meanings (loanwords), to meanings entering a language on their own (loanshifts). Loanwords and loanshifts can be further subdivided into other subcategories.While loanwords morphemic importation without substitution (Haugen 1950: 214) (i.e. a language borrows both the form and the meaning of a foreign word), loanshifts are words which show complete morphemic without importation, or words in which the meaning is imported without the form. They can result from extending the meaning of a word in the recipient language so as to correspond to that of a word in the source language (semantic loans or semantic extensions) or from the importation of a morpheme arrangement from this language (loan translations or calques).According to Haugen, semantic loans can be further subdivided into loan homonyms and loan synonyms. Loan homonyms appear when a new meaning is added to a native form, but has nothing in common with the old existing meaning of this word. For example, American Portuguese borrowed the meaning of the English grocery and added it to the native word grosseria meaning 'a rude remark', with the result that in the end this word had two different, completely unrelated meanings (Haugen 1953: 400). German- English bilinguals in Australia have taken the German word magasin meaning 'storeroom', and have extended its meaning to that of the English word magasine (Clyne 1967: 61). Weinreich (1968: 49) presents the case of the American Italian word fattoria, which originally meant 'a farm', but whose meaning was later extended to that of the English factory.Although not explicitly stated by Haugen, from the examples he uses as well as from other similar examples presented in the literature it can be inferred that this type of semantic loan involves the borrowing of meanings in order to designate novel concepts, being akin to cultural loanwords. Such examples of loan homonyms have been reported in the Romanian language contact literature, too. For example, Avram (1997: 18-19) shows that, on the English model, the Romanian a aplica as 'to put into operation or effect' has also come to mean 'to make a request or appeal', atasament as 'strong feeling of affection' has also received the meaning 'document you send to someone by email', abstract as 'general, not particular' has also come to mean 'a short piece of writing, contain ing the main ideas in the document'.Loan synonyms lead to the creation of synonymy and, Haugen warns, even confusion in the recipient language. For example, he shows that American Portuguese substituted the native livraria ('bookstore') for library, although the Portuguese word for it is biblioteca, the result being not only synonymy between livraria and biblioteca, but also difficulty in distinguishing between the two meanings of the first word (Haugen 1953: 401). …

Loanwords are words that entered one language from another language (the source language). These types of words are also termed as borrowed words. They are not part of the recipient language vocabulary, they are adopted from some other languages and become part of the borrowing language’s vocabulary” Nordquist,R (2019)[i]. Borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon; the majority of world languages contain borrowed words, because no nation has ever been completely isolated from other nations. (Jepersen,1964)[ii]. Words are generally 'loaned' when two different cultures come into contact with each other (Hoffer,2002)[iii]. This might result from immigration, trade, fashions or foods, travelers’ tales, the arts (paintings, books, poetry, or film), technologies, wars, or colonization. Borrowing could occur across different linguistic levels; such as lexeme level, phonological level, morphological level, and/or syntactic level. When a loanword transfers into a recipient language it is either adopted or adapted as noted by Bueasa, N (2015)[iv]. Adoption occurs when the loanword is transferred into the recipient language without any change and is keeping its structure and pronunciation. For example, in English, the word “cafe” is adopted from French. On the opposite side, there is an adaptation in which the loanword undergoes linguistic changes to adapt to the phonological, or morphological, or syntactic structure of the recipient language. For example, the French word “coiffeur” /kwɒfˈɜːr/ is adapted in Egyptian Arabic (henceforth, EA) phonologically as /kuwafe:r/, this type of integration happens intuitively for ease of pronunciation. Like other languages, loanwords do exist in Arabic (Versteegh, 2014)[v]. Little studies such as Hafez (1996)[vi] examine the integration of loanwords into Egyptian Arabic (EA). Hence, the current study focuses on investigating the phonological integration of loanwords into EA by Egyptian native speakers.

Interactional linguistics is grounded on the premise that language should not be analyzed in terms of context‐free linguistic structures but as a resource for the accomplishment of actions in social interaction. With this in mind, interactional linguistics takes an interdisciplinary approach to a linguistic analysis that aims at an understanding of how language is both shaped by and itself shapes the actions it is used for. Interactional linguistics combines an interest in linguistic phenomena and structures with the theory and methodology of conversation analysis (CA). It is conceptualized as an interface between linguistic analysis and the analysis of social interaction. Interactional linguistic studies should be compatible with and link up to studies of the multimodality of social interaction. Research in interactional linguistics is strictly empirical and grounded in databases of naturally occurring talk‐in‐interaction; methods of analysis and validation in interactional linguistics draw mainly on principles of sequential analysis. Objects of research include, for instance, the role of syntax, phonetics‐prosody, and, more recently, gesture and body for the conduct of turn construction and turn taking, formation of action and practices, and constitution of conversational genres and styles.