Abstract
Abstract A description is provided for Hypoxylon mediterraneum . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On trunks and branches of deciduous trees, particularly Quercus suber , usually following injury, but also occurring on Castanea, Eucalyptus, Fagus sylvatica, Malus, Platanus hybrida, Platanus orientalis, Populus tremuloides, Quercus alba, Quercus ilex, Quercus imbricaria, Quercus lusitanica, Quercus palustris, Quercus pyrenaica and Shorea robusta . DISEASES: Cause of 'charcoal disease' of Quercus suber , attacking trees of all ages, affecting the base of the trunk, large and small branches, but not the roots. Reaches epidemic proportions in Morocco (31: 409), Algeria and Tunisia (32: 458). Dark exudations with a strong tannin odour appear soon after infection, the bark then ruptures to disclose the carbonaceous stroma which destroys and lies in the place of the phloem (Barbosa, 1958). Trees are most susceptible when in poor condition, e.g. on poor soil, or when damaged by drought or fire. Cause of a disease of sal ( Shorea robusta ) in India (Bakshi, 1963). The disease is less severe on other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, China, Fiji, France, Germany (Rhine), India, Italy, Morocco, New Zealand, North America, Philippines, Portugal, Samoa, Tasmania, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Penetrates the living tissues by wind-borne conidia and possibly ascospores entering through wounds.
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