Abstract
IntroductionThree percent sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment has been shown to reduce brain edema and inhibited brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in bacterial meningitis induced by Escherichia coli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main pathogenic component of E. coli. We aimed to explore the effect of 3% NaCl in mouse brain edema induced by LPS, as well as to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action.MethodsThree percent NaCl was used to treat cerebral edema induced by LPS in mice in vivo. Brain water content, IL-1β, TNFα, immunoglobulin G (IgG), AQP4 mRNA and protein were measured in brain tissues. IL-1β, 3% NaCl and calphostin C (a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C) were used to treat the primary astrocytes in vitro. AQP4 mRNA and protein were measured in astrocytes. Differences in various groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance.ResultsThree percent NaCl attenuated the increase of brain water content, IL-1β, TNFα, IgG, AQP4 mRNA and protein in brain tissues induced by LPS. Three percent NaCl inhibited the increase of AQP4 mRNA and protein in astrocytes induced by IL-1β in vitro. Calphostin C blocked the decrease of AQP4 mRNA and protein in astrocytes induced by 3% NaCl in vitro.ConclusionsOsmotherapy with 3% NaCl ameliorated LPS-induced cerebral edema in vivo. In addition to its osmotic force, 3% NaCl exerted anti-edema effects possibly through down-regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and inhibiting the expression of AQP4 induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Three percent NaCl attenuated the expression of AQP4 through activation of protein kinase C in astrocytes.
Highlights
Three percent sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment has been shown to reduce brain edema and inhibited brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in bacterial meningitis induced by Escherichia coli
We reported that 3% NaCl inhibited the up-regulation of brain AQP4 protein expression in bacterial meningitis induced by Escherichia coli in rabbits [11]
The results suggest that 3% NaCl alleviated the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) induced by LPS
Summary
Three percent sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment has been shown to reduce brain edema and inhibited brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in bacterial meningitis induced by Escherichia coli. HS has been suggested to be superior to mannitol as a hyperosmolar agent because it augments intravascular volume and cardiovascular performance in addition to causing ‘dehydration’ of the brain In both animal and human studies, HS has been shown to produce a prolonged increase in intravascular volume and plasma volume expansion. The expression of AQP4 is up-regulated in wild type mice and AQP4 null mice have significantly less brain edema in water intoxication cerebral edema, ischemic stroke and pneumococcal meningitis [23,24] This suggests that AQP4 plays an important role in brain edema formation. Investigating the effect of HS on up-regulation of brain AQP4 during LPS-induced mice brain edema would provide clues to reveal the mechanism of HS down-regulation of brain AQP4 in bacterial meningitis
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