Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles consisted of oxalic acid and its internal mixture with ammonium sulfate for the relative humidity ranging from 80% to 99.5%

Abstract

The hygroscopicity of atmospheric aerosol particles plays an important role in their effects on the environment and the public health. Oxalic acid (OA) has been recognized as the dominant dicarboxylic acid in the urban and the remote aerosol particles, so a number of studies have investigated the hygroscopicity of aerosols consisted of pure OA and its mixture with inorganic salt. However, few experimental studies have focused on the hygroscopicity of nanoscale particles at high relative humidity (RH) below saturation of water vapor (i.e., RH = 90–100%) due to the limitation of traditional measuring instruments. In this work, the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) of the aerosol particles composed of pure OA and internally mixed OA-ammonium sulfate (AS) at RH = 80–99.5% were studied using a high humidity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HHTDMA). The experimental results were used to verify the applicability of models including the ideal solution model, the extended aerosol inorganics model (E-AIM) combining with the revised universal quasi-chemical functional group activity coefficients (UNIFAC-Peng) model, the Aerosol Inorganic–Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients (AIOMFAC) model and the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) model. According to the experimental results, the effect of RH, the composition and the initial dry particle diameter (D0) on the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) and the effective hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of particles at RH = 80–99.5% were analyzed in details. It has been found that for pure OA particles with D0 = 80/100 nm, the prediction of the UNIFAC-Peng model and the AIOMFAC model becomes more accurate than the ideal solution model with the increasing of RH, while all models cannot describe the GF of smaller particles at RH = 80–99.5%. For mixed OA-AS aerosol particles, the chemical reaction is an important reason for the discrepancies between the HHTDMA results and the model prediction. For the pure OA aerosol particles at RH ≤ 96% and particles containing AS at RH ≤ 99.5%, the sensitivity of GF to D0 is positively and negatively correlated with RH and D0, respectively. However, for all aerosol types in this study, the sensitivity of GF to RH is positively correlated with both D0 and RH. In addition, the κ based on the measurement is clearly dependent on D0 (at RH = 95–99.5%), RH and the particle composition (at RH = 80–99.5%). The measured hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at high RH might be useful in addressing challenges in solving the discrepancies between the κ measured under subsaturated and supersaturated conditions.