Hydroxy-alkenals from the peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and urinary metabolites

Abstract

4-hydroxy-2 E-hexenal (4-HHE) and 4-hydroxy-2 E-nonenal (4-HNE) have been characterized as prominent by-products of n-3 and n-6 hydroperoxy derivatives of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, respectively. We also have characterized the homolog 4-hydroxy-2 E,6 Z-dodecadienal (4-HDDE) as a specific by-product of the 12-lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid 12-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoate (12-HpETE). The three hydroxy-alkenals have been found in human plasma with 4-HHE being the most prominent followed by 4-HNE. They were found increased in tissues submitted to oxidative stress, according to the fatty acid characteristic of those tissues, e.g., 4-HNE and 4-HDDE in blood platelets and 4-HHE in the retina. We have shown they covalently bind to the primary amine moiety of ethanolamine phospholipids (PE), especially the plasmalogen subclass, with the highest hydrophobic alkenal (4-HDDE) being the most reactive. Their carboxylic acid metabolites, 4-hydroxy-2 E-hexenoic acid (4-HHA), 4-hydroxy-2 E-nonenoic acid (4-HNA) and 4-hydroxy-2 E,6 Z-dodecadienoic acid (4-HDDA), respectively, were found in human urine and measured in higher amounts in situations in which oxidative stress has been reported such as aging and diabetes. As reported above with their hydroxy-alkenals precursors, 4-HHA proved to be the most prominent followed by 4-HNA. Altogether, the three hydroxy-alkenals, either in their free form or bound to membrane PE, may be considered as specific markers of lipid peroxidation able to discriminate between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. This is corroborated by the measurement of their urinary carboxylic acid metabolites.