Abstract
In this study, a novel modification strategy was established to synthesize a zinc-incorporated nano-cluster structure on titanium surface in a two-step hydrothermal reaction, and the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and human bone marrow mesenchymal cells (hMSCs) was studied in the presence of this synthesized nanostructure. Analyses of the surface topography and elemental composition revealed that the zinc-containing cluster-like nanostructure was successfully prepared on the titanium surface. By altering the reaction time, three surface modifications were established. The three modified titanium surfaces had improved hydrophilicity and could continuously release zinc ions in a controlled manner. In vitro study displayed that three modified titanium surfaces, especially the samples prepared by reacting for 15 min, exhibited enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation compared to the pure titanium surface. The study therefore conclude that the zinc-incorporated nano-cluster modification of titanium surface through a simple procedure can establish an enhanced osteogenic microenvironment and exhibit a potential strategy of titanium surface modification to accelerate the dental implant osseointegration.
Highlights
Titanium and its alloys have been widely used in orthopedics and stomatology as bone fixation devices and implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and satisfactory osseointegration potential (Alghamdi and Jansen, 2020)
To prepare the zinc-incorporated nano-cluster modified titanium surfaces (ZnNC-Ti), CP-Ti was first alkalized with 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution in a water bath at 70°C for 15 min and ultrasonically washed with alcohol and distilled water
Zinc peaks were found in all Zn-NC-Ti surfaces but not in the control pure titanium surface, further verifying the successful incorporation of zinc into the modified titanium surfaces
Summary
Titanium and its alloys have been widely used in orthopedics and stomatology as bone fixation devices and implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and satisfactory osseointegration potential (Alghamdi and Jansen, 2020). It is essential to improve the bioactivity of titanium-based materials and accelerate osseointegration. Methods for implant surface modification include roughening the surface topography at the nanoscale or microscale level, improving surface hydrophilicity, coating of the bioactive molecules and incorporating trace elements (Xue et al, 2020). Osteogenic Differentiation of OBs and hMSCs on Zn-NC-Ti. Roughened implants can improve long-term mechanical stability and accelerate bone formation (Heberer et al, 2011; Buser et al, 2012). Alkali heat treatment after acid etching is commonly employed to form modified nanoscale or microscale roughened surfaces to promote biochemical bonding at the bone-implant interface and induce bone formation (Alvarez et al, 2010). Nanoscale surface roughness enhances the adsorption of proteins, adhesion of osteoblasts, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro and osseointegration in vivo (Brett et al, 2004). Titania nanotube formation has been demonstrated to stimulate the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, and the extent of stimulation could be adjusted by modifying the nanotube dimension (Li et al, 2020)
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