Abstract
The use of biofuels offers advantages over existing fuels because they come from renewable sources, they are biodegradable, their storage and transport are safer, and their emissions into the atmosphere are lower. Biomass is one of the most promising sustainable energy sources with a wide variety of organic materials as raw material. Chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical methods have been proposed to obtain biofuels from raw materials from biomass. In recent years, a thermochemical method that has generated great interest is hydrothermal liquefaction. In this paper, a brief review of the main sources for liquid biofuels and the synthesis processes is presented, with special emphasis on the production of biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction by using waste generated by human activity as raw material.
Highlights
In the early 20th century, biomass from crops and trees was used as a starting material to produce dyes, solvents, or synthetic fibers
This study is focused on residual biomass, and on three specific types of biowaste: the organic fraction of urban solid waste (OFUSW); sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and biomethanization digestate
Various studies have analyzed the production of biofuels from the organic fraction of urban solid waste and sludge from treatment plants
Summary
In the early 20th century, biomass from crops and trees was used as a starting material to produce dyes, solvents, or synthetic fibers. The environmental damage caused by fossil fuels and the increasingly imminent climate change have driven the development of renewable energies as well as the search for new energy sources. One of the main disadvantages of biomass from plants is that availability and productivity decrease in winter [9] To overcome this problem, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) plants are being developed that use other types of raw materials, such as the biowaste that humans generate or algae that are cultivable [9]. This process was conceived for the direct continuous thermochemical liquefaction of primary municipal sewage sludge In this way, technology has been gaining importance to become one of the most hopeful strategies to generate sustainable fuels [2,6]. Taking into account the amount of information available in the open literature, it is essential to filter all these contributions and collect the most important ones, in order to be able to assess the current state of the art
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