Abstract
The geometry and the hydraulic properties of the unsaturated zone is often difficult to evaluate from traditional soil sampling techniques. Soil samples typically provide only data of the upper layers and boreholes are expensive and only provide spotted information. Non-destructive geophysical methods and among them, electrical resistivity tomography can be applied in complex geological environments such as volcanic areas, where lavas and unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits dominate. They have a wide variability of hydraulic properties due to textural characteristics and modification processes suh as compaction, fracturation and weathering. To characterize the subsurface geology below the golf course of Bandama (Gran Canaria) a detailed electrical resistivity tomography survey has been conducted. This technique allowed us to define the geometry of the geological formations because of their high electrical resistivity contrasts. Subsequently, undisturbed soil and pyroclastic deposits samples were taken in representative outcrops for quantifying the hydraulic conductivity in the laboratory where the parametric electrical resistivity was measured in the field. A statistical correlation between the two variables has been obtained and a 3D model transit time of water infiltration through the vadose zone has been built to assess the vulnerability of the aquifers located below the golf course irrigated with reclaimed water.
Highlights
Golf courses irrigation using reclaimed water provides a significant and viable opportunity to ensure the supply, sustainability and resilience of local water resources [1,2]
We have considered h = 20 m—maximum Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey penetration depth—and the average of rho values located at the same X and Y position
The results show the highest resolution in areas with ERT data
Summary
Golf courses irrigation using reclaimed water provides a significant and viable opportunity to ensure the supply, sustainability and resilience of local water resources [1,2]. Procedures that can be carried out in the field, such as the instantaneous profile method and constant flux methods are difficult to perform accurately and only provide point measurements at the top of the subsurface. None of these methods provide the resolution needed to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity variability, as the unsaturated zone is usually heterogeneous and can extend tens of meters beneath the ground surface [8,9,10]
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