Hydrogen mobility from wind energy – A life cycle assessment focusing on the fuel supply

A multi-stage framework for coordinated scheduling of networked microgrids in active distribution systems with hydrogen refueling and charging stations

The body of life cycle assessment (LCA) literature is vast and has grown over the last decade at a dauntingly rapid rate. Many LCAs have been published on the same or very similar technologies or products, in some cases leading to hundreds of publications. One result is the impression among decision makers that LCAs are inconclusive, owing to perceived and real variability in published estimates of life cycle impacts. Despite the extensive available literature and policy need formore conclusive assessments, only modest attempts have been made to synthesize previous research. A significant challenge to doing so are differences in characteristics of the considered technologies and inconsistencies in methodological choices (e.g., system boundaries, coproduct allocation, and impact assessment methods) among the studies that hamper easy comparisons and related decision support. An emerging trend is meta-analysis of a set of results from LCAs, which has the potential to clarify the impacts of a particular technology, process, product, or material and produce more robust and policy-relevant results. Meta-analysis in this context is defined here as an analysis of a set of published LCA results to estimate a single or multiple impacts for a single technology or a technology category, either in a statisticalmore » sense (e.g., following the practice in the biomedical sciences) or by quantitative adjustment of the underlying studies to make them more methodologically consistent. One example of the latter approach was published in Science by Farrell and colleagues (2006) clarifying the net energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of ethanol, in which adjustments included the addition of coproduct credit, the addition and subtraction of processes within the system boundary, and a reconciliation of differences in the definition of net energy metrics. Such adjustments therefore provide an even playing field on which all studies can be considered and at the same time specify the conditions of the playing field itself. Understanding the conditions under which a meta-analysis was conducted is important for proper interpretation of both the magnitude and variability in results. This special supplemental issue of the Journal of Industrial Ecology includes 12 high-quality metaanalyses and critical reviews of LCAs that advance understanding of the life cycle environmental impacts of different technologies, processes, products, and materials. Also published are three contributions on methodology and related discussions of the role of meta-analysis in LCA. The goal of this special supplemental issue is to contribute to the state of the science in LCA beyond the core practice of producing independent studies on specific products or technologies by highlighting the ability of meta-analysis of LCAs to advance understanding in areas of extensive existing literature. The inspiration for the issue came from a series of meta-analyses of life cycle GHG emissions from electricity generation technologies based on research from the LCA Harmonization Project of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, which also provided financial support for this special supplemental issue. (See the editorial from this special supplemental issue [Lifset 2012], which introduces this supplemental issue and discusses the origins, funding, peer review, and other aspects.) The first article on reporting considerations for meta-analyses/critical reviews for LCA is from Heath and Mann (2012), who describe the methods used and experience gained in NREL's LCA Harmonization Project, which produced six of the studies in this special supplemental issue. Their harmonization approach adapts key features of systematic review to identify and screen published LCAs followed by a meta-analytical procedure to adjust published estimates to ones based on a consistent set of methods and assumptions to allow interstudy comparisons and conclusions to be made. In a second study on methods, Zumsteg and colleagues (2012) propose a checklist for a standardized technique to assist in conducting and reporting systematic reviews of LCAs, including meta-analysis, that is based on a framework used in evidence-based medicine. Widespread use of such a checklist would facilitate planning successful reviews, improve the ability to identify systematic reviews in literature searches, ease the ability to update content in future reviews, and allow more transparency of methods to ease peer review and more appropriately generalize findings. Finally, Zamagni and colleagues (2012) propose an approach, inspired by a meta-analysis, for categorizing main methodological topics, reconciling diverging methodological developments, and identifying future research directions in LCA. Their procedure involves the carrying out of a literature review on articles selected according to predefined criteria.« less

Electric and fuel cell vehicles represent emerging energy consumers reliant on power systems, deriving their energy through hydrogen refuelling or charging stations linked to the power grid. Ensuring these stations do not degrade the network's technical performance necessitates effective energy management strategies. This study introduces an economically oriented energy scheduling framework for vehicle refuelling stations supplied by batteries and renewable sources such as photovoltaic, bio‐waste and wind within an intelligent distribution grid. The proposed setup integrates both electric vehicles charging stations and hydrogen refuelling stations; the bi‐level programming is used. Upper‐level objective seeks to minimise the combined energy loss and operation costs of the grid, subject to optimal power flow constraints. The lower level considers the minimisation of operational costs of the refuelling stations. Constraints account for the operational models of renewable units, batteries and various refuelling station types, with consideration for reactive power management. Uncertainties associated with loads, prices, renewable resource power and vehicle station operations are modelled using stochastic optimisation. The Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker methodology is employed to identify optimal solutions. Numerical results demonstrate the framework's capability to optimise station operations while improving both operational and economic aspects of the network. Findings reveal that operating a station powered only by the grid results in a 144.6% rise in grid operation costs and a 167.6% increase in energy losses. Additionally, the voltage drop is more than 0.1 per unit and the electrical lines face an excessive load of 34.7%. The scheme enhances the grid's economic conditions by 51.3% to 74.5% and operating performance by 17.7% to 148.1%, compared to constructing a station devoid of renewable sources or batteries.

Importance of reducing GHG emissions in power transmission and distribution systems

CHAPTER ELEVEN - Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Gasoline Vehicles

Life cycle environmental and economic analyses of a hydrogen station with wind energy

Exergetic life cycle assessment of hydrogen production from renewables

Alcohol Production from Carbon Dioxide: Methanol as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock

Research on fuel cell hydrogen refueling stations is mostly concentrated on newly-built stations, and there are few studies on the combined hydrogen and CNG refueling stations. The construction plan of combined hydrogen and CNG refueling stations is conducive to planning and layout, solving the difficulties in land use of hydrogen refueling stations, and reducing construction investment and operating costs. This paper analyzes the feasibility of the combined station construction, studies the construction plan and scale of the combined station, and proposes its general layout plan.

Recent concerns surrounding climate change and the contribution of fossil fuels to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have sparked interest and advancements in renewable energy sources including wind, solar, and hydroelectricity. These energy sources, often referred to as "clean energy", generate no operational onsite GHG emissions. They also offer the potential for clean hydrogen production through water electrolysis, presenting a viable solution to create an environmentally friendly alternative energy carrier with the potential to decarbonize industrial processes reliant on hydrogen. To conduct a full life cycle analysis, it is crucial to account for the embodied emissions associated with renewable and nuclear power generation plants as they can significantly impact the GHG emissions linked to hydrogen production and its derived products. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the embodied emissions associated with solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, hydro, and nuclear electricity. We investigated the implications of including plant-embodied emissions in the overall emission estimates of electrolysis hydrogen production and subsequently on the production of synthetic ammonia, methanol, and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. Results show that average embodied GHG emissions of solar PV, wind, hydro, and nuclear electricity generation in the United States (U.S.) were estimated to be 37, 9.8, 7.2, and 0.3 g CO2 e/kWh, respectively. Life cycle GHG emissions of electrolytic hydrogen produced from solar PV, wind, and hydroelectricity were estimated as 2.1, 0.6, and 0.4 kg of CO2 e/kg of H2, respectively, in contrast to the zero-emissions often used when the embodied emissions in their construction were excluded. Average life cycle emission estimates (CO2 e/kg) of synthetic ammonia, methanol, and FT-fuel from solar PV electricity are increased by 5.5, 16, and 49 times, respectively, compared to the case when embodied emissions are excluded. This change also depends on the local irradiance for solar power, which can result in a further increase of GHG emissions by 35-41% in areas of low irradiance or reduce GHG emissions by 21-25% in areas with higher irradiance.

air-generated electricity to produce hydrogen power from water electrolysis can, this can make vehicles that can be used as fuel, or saved and then used in fuel cells, they are fewer air resources at the times of the day that generates electricity. Hydrogen as energy storage media offers an alternative path, this is a renewable power product not only helps to integrate, transport, and nature decarbonization of gas sectors activates. Water hydrogen and oxygen electricity can be used to separate. This technology is well developed and available commercially, and effectively renewable power useable systems, air, geothermal, or solar are created. Renewable and grid hydrogen from electricity electrolysis to produce learn more about using. Air-generated electricity water to produce hydrogen power supply of electrolysis can, this can make vehicles can be used as fuel, or saved and then fuel used in cells, they are less air resources at the times of the day generates electricity. Hydrogen from the air electrolysis to produce learn more about using. mechanical power or electricity in the air is used to create wind power in the process or describe wind energy. Wind turbines in the air operate energy as a mechanical force change. For motorists, the final distribution of hydrogen refueling stations occurs. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVS) gas use hydrogen in form, usually 350 or 700 bar provided in pressures. Like diesel or gasoline-distributing vehicle fuels regular station pumps fill in ways similar to tubes consumers from stimulation back their vehicles offer. Hydrogen in the form of gas or liquid saved, pipelines or through truck trailers gh2 and road tankers lh2 has been provided via. On-site at large stations production facilities can also be fitted. In refueling stations, acceptance of h2 distributions or saving liquid hydrogen additional capital and operating does costs because f.c.hydrogen for vs for sale to customers the gas must be converted into shape. The transport sector is high carbon in the fields of producing emissions considered together. Fossils because of the use of fuels globally. Hydrogen is a toxic non-energy carrier; this is for fossil fuels may act as a good alternative. The use of hydrogen vehicles reduces carbon emissions help, thereby greenhouse gases and the environment reducing pollution. From renewable energy sources, hydrogen is made, and hydrogen from refueling stations easily through a wide network is accessible and often can be achieved. In this study of south africa wind-powered in seven cities hydrogen refueling technology to the station economic evaluation was made.: VIKOR method is a multi-criteria decision (mcdm) or multiple criteria results analysis method. Contradical and incomparable (different units) with criteria this is to address decision issues first seraphim obrikovic created by, compromise for conflict resolution assuming acceptable, the decision maker is very much for ideal he wants a solution close, all that is installed alternative ways according to criteria are evaluated. Vikor sorting alternatives and the solution of compromise determines, this is for ideal very close. Alternative taken as Wind Turbine (Nos), Battery (Nos), Electrolyser (kW), Hydrogen tank (kg), Converter (kW), Renewable energy fraction (%), Annual Hydrogen production (ton/yr). Evaluation preference taken as Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Rhodes. From the result it is seen that Dams is got the first rank where as is the building is having the lowest rank. Dams is ranked first and industrial Building is ranked lowest.

A 4E feasibility analysis of an on-site, ammonia sourced, hydrogen refueling station

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are rapidly growing owing to the increased public awareness of energy and environmental issues. Infrastructure for hydrogen production, transportation, and allocation is essential for FCEV promotion. For consumers, availability of few hydrogen refuelling stations is the primary concern. Currently, public charging infrastructure for battery electric vehicles, for example, fast charging station, has a more widespread coverage compared to infrastructure for hydrogen refuelling. With an electrolyser, the existing power grid can be used as an alternative to hydrogen supply and transportation infrastructure, which is still being developed. The authors propose a new conceptual combo station acting as both a hydrogen refuelling station and a fast charging station. This station can satisfy the requirement of FCEVs and battery electric vehicles, and even operate under a blackout situation. To quantify the value of coordinated operation, an optimal operation formulation of a combo station is developed. It is found that such a combo station is capable of saving land rents, reducing power network reinforcement cost, and boosting energy self‐balance capability under blackout condition.

Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the generation of wind and hydro power

The impact of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows on greenhouse gas emissions of milk production