Hydrogen evolution from NaBH4 hydrolysis using graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide synthesized from banana Peel extract as catalysts

Using banana peel extract as an antioxidant in freshly squeezed orange juices and juices from concentrate was evaluated. Free radical scavenging capacity increased by adding banana peel extracts to both types of orange juice. In addition, remarkable increases in antioxidant capacity using 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical were observed when equal or greater than 5mg of banana peel extract per ml of freshly squeezed juice was added. No clear effects were observed in the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Adding 5mg banana peel extract per ml of orange juice did not substantially modify the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of either type of juice. However, undesirable changes in the sensory characteristics (in-mouth sensations and colour) were detected when equal or greater than 10mg banana peel extract per ml of orange juice was added. These results confirm that banana peel is a promising natural additive that increases the capacity to scavenge free radicals of orange juice with acceptable sensory and physicochemical characteristics for the consumer.

ABSTRACTObjective: Test the antioxidant activity of banana peel extract, watermelon rind extract, and combinations, also in lotion dosage form.Methods: The antioxidant activity of each extract and their combinations were tested with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil method and formulated intoa lotion dosage forms. Evaluation of the lotion dosage forms, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity and rheology, microbiology, acutedermal irritation test, as well as the antioxidant activity test.Results: Antioxidant activity test on the extract showed inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values of banana peel is 64.03 part per million (ppm)and watermelon rind extract of 300.12 ppm. Combination of banana peel and watermelon rind extract with three different concentrations, IC50:IC50,inhibitory concentration at 75% (IC75):inhibitory concentration at 25% (IC25), IC25:IC75 resulted the best antioxidant activity is a combination of bananapeel, and watermelon rind extract IC75:IC25 with IC50 value of 177.56 ppm. The antioxidant activity test in lotion dosage form showed IC50 values oflotion base is 853.16 ppm, lotion banana peel extract is 472.50 ppm, lotion watermelon rind extract is 496.71 ppm, and the combination of bananapeel and watermelon rind extract are 300.04 ppm.Conclusion: Lotion dosage form formula that meets the requirements of quality, efficacy, and safety with the best antioxidant activity is lotion dosageform combination of banana peel and watermelon rind extract formula (IC75:IC25).Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Banana peel (Musa paradisiaca), Watermelon rind (Citrullus vulgaris), Combination of banana peel and watermelonrind extract, Lotion of antioxidant.

A reversed-phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination gallic acid, gallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate in banana peel extract was developed. The separation was achieved using a reversed-phase (C18) analytical column and an isocratic elution using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-formic acid (15:85 v/v, pH 2.5). The detection wavelength was set at 275 nm. The chromatographic parameters such as peak asymmetry, capacity factor, selectivity factor and resolution factor were determined. Optimization of parameters such as the detection wavelength, the amount of acetonitrile for a mobile phase and the methanol concentration on stability of standard solution was carried out. Under the optimum conditions, the order of elution was gallic acid, gallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively, with the analysis time of 20 min per chromatogram. The validation parameters such as linearity, range, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, selectivity, precision and accuracy, were evaluated. Linear calibration graphs were in range of 0.25-20 mg L-1 for gallic acid and 0.50-30 mg L-1 for gallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively. The proposed HPLC method was simple and rapid, and successfully applied to real samples of banana peel (ripe and green) extracts. Acceptable precisions (%RSD) and recoveries (%Rec) were obtained in the ranges of 0.3-5.9 % and 83±1–128±1 %, respectively, by spiking all samples with a mixed standard solution of five analytes. Banana peel extracts contains many phenolic compounds, especially gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate. Keywords: Gallic acid, Catechins, Isocratic elution, High performance liquid chromatography, Banana peel

The bioactive compounds of banana peels and cinnamon barks were extracted by vacuum microwave and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods at pre-determined temperatures and times. These methods enhance the yield extracts in shorter time. The highest yields of both extracts were obtained from the conditions which employed the highest temperature and the longest time. The extracts' yield from cinnamon bark method was higher by ultrasonic than vacuum microwave method, while vacuum microwave method gave higher extraction yield from banana peel than ultrasonic method. The phenolic contents of cinnamon bark and banana peel extracts were 467 and 35mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, respectively. The flavonoid content found in banana peel and cinnamon bark extracts were 196 and 428mg/g quercetin equivalent, respectively. In addition, it was found that cinnamon bark gave higher 2,2-Diphenyl-1-1 picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity (TAA). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was analyzed by measuring the peroxide and p-anisidine values after oxidation of fish oils, stored for a month (30days) at 25°C and showed lesser peroxide and p-anisidine values in the fish oils containing the sample extracts in comparison to the fish oil without containing any extract. The banana peel and cinnamon extracts had shown the ability as antioxidants to prevent the oxidation of fish oil and might be considered as rich sources of natural antioxidant.

Orthodontic fixed patients used mouthwashes to control plaque chemically. Chemically mouthwashes have aftereffects in long-term use, which can have staining impacts to teeth and mouth mucosa, aggravations in the working of the taste feelings of food, and allergic reactions. Therefore, alternative mouthwash derived from herbs is required with the expectation that the risk of aftereffects is smaller. Banana and pineapple peel extract contain active antibacterial substances such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and bromelin. The purpose of this study is compare of the effectiveness of mouthwashes banana and pineapple peel extract in inhibiting plaque formation.This study was a quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest control group design involving 45 orthodontic patients as the subject of the study. The subjects were divided into three groups, namely the first group was given a mouthwashes banana peel extract of 2.5% (15 subjects), the second group was given a mouthwashes pineapple peel extract of 6.24% ( 15 subjects) and one control group (15 subjects) given a aquadest. The measurement of plaque index using Attin’s plaque index on before and after using mouthwash. Mouthwashes banana peel extract 2.5% and pineapple peel extract 6.24% effective in lowering the plaque index of orthodontic fixed appliance patients. Mouthwashes banana peel extract is more effective in lowering plaque index. Banana peel extract mouthwashes are more effective in lowering the plaque index of fixed orthodontic patients.

Banana peel extracts were prepared by using various solvents. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of methanolic extract showed 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (24.78%) as major compound which was isolated from extract and chemically transformed into two derivatives viz. [5-(3-Nitrophenyliminomethyl)furan-2-yl] methanol (2) and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfurali deneacetophenone (3). The peel extracts, 5-HMF and its derivatives were tested for their antibacterial potential against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antifungal potential against Fusarium oxysporum and antioxidant potential. Maximum antibacterial potential was exhibited by methanol extract with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 30 and 45 pg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract possessed maximum antifungal potential with MIC value at 300 pg/ml. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfurali deneacetophenone exhibited maximum antioxidant potential with median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 25.50 and 30.00 pg/ml against DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays, respectively. Hence, banana peels can be used to form biologically active compounds as safe and biodegradable antimicrobial and antioxidants.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the aqueous methanol extract of Nendran banana peel as a valuable source for bioactive compounds against cancer. Free radical scavenging activity of the peel extracts was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The antitumor activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining assay. Extract of banana peel was more efficient in reducing ferric ion with the increase in concentration and exhibited IC50 180.33 µg/ml, free radical inhibition activity under 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate assay. Flavonoid content was high (51.47 µg/ml) in the peel extract, which could have contributed to the antioxidant activity. The antioxidant enzyme concentration such as ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were found higher in the fruit pulp than peel. As the concentration of extract increased from 20 to 200 μg/ml, the cell viability of MCF-7 decreased from 91.14 to 24.7%. The IC50 values of plant extract-treated cells (120.6 μg/ml) showed typical apoptotic and necrotic morphological features such as condensed nuclei, membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies. This indicated the efficiency of sample against breast cancer with the highest inhibition of growth.

Potential of nickel oxide catalyst from banana peel extract via green synthesis method in both photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue and generation of hydrogen from sodium borohydride hydrolysis

Antioxidant activity in banana peel extracts: Testing extraction conditions and related bioactive compounds

Banana peel turns out to have many benefits, one of which is that it can be used to accelerate the wound healing process. Banana peel (Musa Paradisiaca L.) ripe yellow skin is rich in flavonoid compounds, as well as other phenolic compounds, besides containing a lot of carbohydrates, minerals such as potassium and sodium and cellulose. This study aims to determine the wound healing effect of cuts using the Ethanol Extract of Kepok Banana Skins in Rats. Determine the concentration of ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel which is the most effective in healing wound cuts in mice. Knowing a significant difference to the acceleration of wound healing between ethanol extracts of Kepok banana peel and betadin. Research methods conducted included characterization, effectiveness test of ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel, manufacture of extract by maceration using ethanol 96% solvent, test of effectiveness of ethanol extract of kepok banana peel on cut wounds in mice. Data analysis using SPSS is Anova One Way Test. From the results of this study the ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel can have an effect on wound healing in mice. Ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel is faster than betadin in healing wound cuts in mice. Ethanol extract of Kepok banana peel with a dose of 750 Mg / kg BW is the most effective in healing wound cuts in rats.

Sunflower oil is prone to oxidation during storage time, leading to production of toxic compounds that might affect human health. Synthetic antioxidants are used to prevent lipid oxidation. Spreading interest in the replacement of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on fruit and vegetables for new antioxidants. In this study, the efficacy of unripe banana peel extracts (100, 200 and 300 ppm) in stabilizing sunflower oil was tested under accelerated storage (65°C) for a period of 24 days. BHA and α-tocopherol served as comparative standards besides the control. Established parameters such as peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), p-anisidine value (p-AnV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and free fatty acid (FFA) content were used to assess the extent of oil deterioration. After 24 days storage at 65°C, sunflower oil containing 200 and 300 ppm extract of unripe banana peel showed significantly lower PV and TOTOX compared to BHA and α-tocopherol. TBARS, p-AnV and FFA values of sunflower oil containing 200 and 300 ppm of unripe banana peel extract exhibited comparable inhibitory effects with BHA. Unripe banana peel extract at 200 and 300 ppm demonstrated inhibitory effect against both primary and secondary oxidation up to 24 days under accelerated storage conditions. Unripe banana peel extract may be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants in the application of food industry to suppress lipid oxidation.

Preventing metal corrosion is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world. One of the most effective ways to combat corrosion is to use inhibitors. Currently, much research is devoted to the study of green corrosion inhibitors obtained from plant extracts and agricultural waste. In this study, banana peel extract, rice straw extract, and their mixture as green corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel samples in 1 M HCl solution were examined by weight loss, electrochemical, and scanning electron microscopy methods. The experimental results showed that the mixture of extracts (40:60 banana peel and rice straw) had a higher inhibitory capacity than the individual inhibitors. At 750 ppm after 24 h of immersion, the inhibition of banana peel, rice extract, and the suggested mixture was 77.87, 95.03, and 96.36%, respectively. Furthermore, the mixture exhibited a maximum synergistic inhibition value of 1.65, indicating a 65% increase in inhibition efficiency when using the mixture instead of the extract alone. Nyquist plots obtained from electrochemical experiments confirmed the optimum concentration value of 750 ppm for banana peel extract, rice extract, and their mixture. These tests also show that the diameter of the semicircles in the presence of the mixture was larger than in the case of the extract alone, indicating a higher inhibitory capacity of the mixture. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the formation of a stable protective film on the metal surface. Finally, adsorption analysis showed the presence of both physical and chemical adsorptions of all the extracts used, which was obtained using the Langmuir isotherm.

Aim: To analyse the phytochemical and nutrient content of banana peel extract and incorporate in cake to enhance the bioactive properties.
 Study Design: An experimental design is used as it is used mostly in formulating product, process development, sensory testing, and analysis.
 Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, PSG College of Arts & Science and Alpha labs technologies, Coimbatore between June 2019 and November 2020.
 Methodology: Cake was chosen as a product to develop with incorporation of banana peel extract.Nutrient analysis and sensory evaluation was done for the control and sample product. Banana peel extract was obtained by filtration using muslin cloth and processed. Various phytochemical tests were performed and found that alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, proteins and steroids were present in the peel extract.
 Results: Phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, proteins and steroids were identified in both small and big banana Small banana peels contain more amount of calcium, potassium, and sodium compared to big banana. DPPH values obtained as 0.22. Total antioxidant properties of banana peel were calculated and the value obtained as 0.215. The carbohydrate and fibre content of the cake incorporated with banana peel extract was higher than control product further shelf life is also enhanced.
 Conclusion: Banana peel extract is a good source of natural food colour as black with positive effect on nutrients. As functional food ingredient,banana peel extract promote human health and also extend the shelf life of the products as it is an antioxidant and antimicrobial natural sources.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is therapy for estrogen deficiency and post menopausal syndromes, but high cost and unwell-secured therapy. One of alternative therapy is the usage of phytoestrogens. The banana peel contains flavones, flavonol, flavanone and polimethoxyflavone which are potential as phytoestrogen. The purpose of this study was to examine the estrogenic effect of banana peel extract (BPE) development of mammary gland of ovariectomized rats. Estrogenic effects was examined based on in vivo and in silico experiment. For in vivo experiment, female Sprague-dawley rats aged 50 days were ovariectomized. At 70 days of age, 12 rats were treated with BPE 500 mg/kgBB and 1000mg/kgBB, 5 rats were treated with estradiol 2μg/day while others served as control were treated with CMC-Na 0.5% and sacrificed 2 weeks later. The base line ovariectomized rats and base line non-ovariectomized rats were sacrificed at 70 days of age. The in silico experiment examined by molecular docking between myricetin and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α). The result of in vivo experiment showed that 1000 mg/kgBW BPE induced c-Myc expression and enhance ovariectomized rat mammary gland development significantly. Meanwhile, molecular docking showed that there are hydrogen bond interaction between bioactive compound in BPE and Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α but less powerfull than estrogen and ER-α interaction. In summary, BPE can act as an estrogen agonist, resulting in the enhancement of c-Myc expression.Keywords: banana peels extract (BPE), phytoestrogen, mammary gland, ovariectomized rats

Synthesis and evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticles from banana peel (Musa spp.) extract for the delivery of ciprofloxacin against resistant Escherichia coli