Hydrogel Based Nanocomposition System: Characterization and Application for Drug Delivery System

This book chapter give an overview of natural and synthetic polymeric moieties consumed for developing hydrogels and their types. Different properties of nanogels are the advancement of hydrogels characterized by nano-size range, stimuli-responsive swelling, and release. Stimuli responsiveness is imparted by the presence of a suitable monomer. A number of polymerization approaches are presented in the literature that are employed to prepare such networks. These systems are elastic, rubbery, nontoxic, and biocompatible and offer prolonged release of the drugs without chances of dose dumping. These types of networks have potential pharmaceutical, agricultural, food, and biotechnological applications in terms of controlled, prolonged, and targeted drug delivery, solubility enhancements, stimuli-dependent intelligent drug delivery, such as contact lenses, wound healing, etc. In the current chapter, we have tried to introduce hydrogels and microgels, their different types, the variety of polymers used to develop such carrier systems, approaches to develop such drug delivery systems, and their utilization in various sectors in addition to the pharmaceutical sector.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Natural pharmaceutical excipients have been applied extensively in the past decades owing to their safety and biocompatibility. Zein, a natural protein of plant origin offers great benefit over other synthetic polymers used in controlled drug and biomedical delivery systems. It was used in a variety of medical fields including pharmaceutical and biomedical drug targeting, vaccine, tissue engineering, and gene delivery. Being biodegradable and biocompatible, the current review focuses on the history and the medical application of zein as an attractive still promising biopolymer.Areas covered: The current review gives a broadscope on zein as a still promising protein excipient in different fields. Zein- based drug and biomedical delivery systems are discussed with special focus on current and potential application in controlled drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.Expert opinion: Zein as a protein of natural origin can still be considered a promising polymer in the field of drug delivery systems as well as in tissue engineering. Although different researchers spotted light on zein application in different industrial fields extensively, the feasibility of its use in the field of drug delivery replenished by investigators in recent years has not yet been fully approached.

The aim of controlled drug delivery is to manage the time and site of drug release according to the patients’ need.In this paper, Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology is described.This technology employs microelectronics and microprocessor circuits in order to reach individualized, targeted and controlled drug release and would construct the future drug delivery systems. Introduction: Controlled drug delivery systems are the state of the art in drug delivery technology with the goal of controlling the drug release at right time and site to satisfy the patient’s pathophysiological requirements. In spite of great improvements in this field, it still remains an open research area.MEMS employs sophisticated systems in a small scale. In last few decades, this technology has increasingly attracted the researchers’ attention due to its successful miniaturization of complicated drug delivery systems to address unmet dosing requirements more precisely.MEMS drug delivery systems are fabricated using the microelectronics and microprocessor circuits of highly-advanced technology. This provides the opportunity to implement several drug reservoirs and billions of electronic devices in few millimeters. Methods and Results: In this study, MEMS technology is introduced along with describing the fabrication process. Two main categories of MEMS devices including internal and transdermal devices and their applications in drug delivery systems are presented. Various actuators applied in these devices are described, including electrical, electrochemical, electromechanical, and electrothermal types. Finally, emerging technologies and prospects are briefly reviewed. Conclusions: MEMS techniques can be easily combined with microprocessors and sensors to implement an intelligent system which can determine the proper drug dosage and release time according to the signals received by biosensors. When placed inside the body, biocompatibility and biofouling issues should be well-considered, since the device will remain in the patient’s body for a long time. Therefore, MEMS technology seems to be the future aspect of targeted drug delivery systems. Key words: Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), targeted drug delivery, actuator, internal device, transdermal device

Ovarian cancer cells usually spread in the peritoneal region, and if chemotherapeutic drugs can be given in these regions with proximity, then the anticancer property of the chemotherapeutic drugs can enhance. However, chemotherapeutic drug administrations are hindered by local toxicity. In the drug delivery system, microparticles or nanoparticles are administered in a controlled manner. Microparticles stay in a close vicinity while nanoparticles are smaller and can move evenly in the peritoneum. Intravenous administration of the drug evenly distributes the medicine in the target places and if the composition of the drug has nanoparticles it will have more specificity and will have easy access to the cancer cells and tumors. Among the different types of nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles were proven as most efficient in drug delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles are seen to be combined with many other molecules like metals, non-metals, lipids, and proteins, which helps in the increase of cellular uptake. The efficiency of different types of polymeric nanoparticles used in delivering the load for management of ovarian cancer will be discussed in this mini-review.

Encyclopedia Material Composites Application of Ceramic Matrix Composites in Drug Delivery Systems

Special focus issue on targeted drug delivery for inflammatory lung diseases.

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsHematological malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, contribute significantly to global cancer diagnoses. Despite progress in conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, these treatments face limitations, including nonspecific targeting, side effects, and drug resistance. The aim of this review is to explore the potential of nanotechnology, particularly nanoparticles (NPs), to improve therapeutic outcomes for these cancers by enhancing drug delivery and reducing toxicity.MethodsThis review examines recent advancements in NP‐based therapies, focusing on their application in hematological malignancies. We discuss different types of NPs, including liposomes, polymeric, and inorganic NPs, for their potential in targeted drug delivery. The review also evaluates the current state of clinical trials and highlights challenges in the translation of nanomedicines from preclinical research to clinical practice.ResultsNanoparticles, with their unique properties, offer significant advantages in drug delivery systems, such as enhanced stability, extended circulation time, and targeted tumor delivery. Various NP formulations have shown promise in clinical trials, including liposomal formulations like Vyxeos for acute myeloid leukemia and Marqibo for Ph‐negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, challenges in toxicity, regulatory hurdles, and large‐scale production still remain.ConclusionNanomedicine holds transformative potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies, offering more effective and specific therapies compared to conventional treatments. Continued research is necessary to overcome the clinical challenges and maximize the benefits of NP‐based therapies for patients with blood cancers.

Natural and synthetic polymers have been used in pharmaceutical industry for many years and have important role in the development of the conventional dosage forms or for manufacturing of various drug packaging materials. In recent years, their important application resides in the development of the most sophisticated drug delivery systems where polymers are used as a drug carrier. Biodegradable polymers are particularly attractive for application in drug delivery systems since, once introduced into the human body, they do not require removal or additional manipulation. Their degradation products are normal metabolites of the body or products that can be metabolized and easily cleared from the body. Among that, synthetic polymers offer a wide variety of compositions with adjustable properties. These materials open the possibility of developing new drug delivery systems with specific properties (chemical, interfacial, mechanical and biological) for a given application, simply by changing the building blocks or the preparation technique. Such designed complex drug delivery systems where polymers are used as functional excipients have numerous advantages such as localized delivery of drug, sustained delivery of drug, stabilization of the drug, prevention of drug’s adverse side-effects, reduction of dosing frequency, minimization of drug concentration fluctuations in plasma level, improved drug utilization and patient compliance. There are range of differently designed drug delivery systems and their description and mechanism of action will be presented in this paper together with the prominent role of the polymers for each particular system. Additionally, most commonly used synthetic biodegradable polymers in drug delivery systems will be presented together with their degradation mechanism.

Crossing Barriers From blood-to-brain and academia-to-industry

Introduction: Despite extensive advances in the production and synthesis of antibiotics, infectious diseases are one of the main problems of the 21st century due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) distributing in organisms. Therefore, researchers in nanotechnology have focused on new strategies to formulate and synthesis the different types of nanoparticles (NPs) with antimicrobial properties. Areas covered: The present review focuses on nanoparticles which are divided into two groups, organic (micelles, liposomes, polymer-based and lipid-based NPs) and inorganic (metals and metal oxides). NPs can penetrate the cell wall then destroy permeability of cell membrane, the structure and function of cell macromolecules by producing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eventually kill the bacteria. Moreover, their characteristics and mechanism in various bacteria especially MDR bacteria and finally their biocompatibility and the factors affecting their activity have been discussed. Expert opinion: Nanotechnology has led to higher drug absorption, targeted drug delivery and fewer side effects. NPs can overcome MDR through affecting several targets in the bacteria cell and synergistically increase the effectiveness of current antibiotics. Moreover, organic NPs with regard to their biodegradability and biocompatibility characteristics can be suitable agents for medical applications. However, they are less stable in environment in comparison to inorganic NPs.

Drug delivery to the ocular system is affected by anatomical factors like the corneal epithelium, blinking reflex, aqueous blood barrier, and retinal blood barrier, which lead to quick removal from the site and inefficient drug delivery. Developing a drug delivery mechanism that targets specific eye tissue is a major hurdle for researchers. Our study examines the challenges of drug absorption in these pathways. Hydrogels have been researched as a suitable delivery method to overcome some obstacles. These are developed alone or in conjunction with other technologies, such as nanoparticles. Many polymer hydrogel nanoparticle systems utilizing both natural and synthetic polymers have been created and investigated; each has pros and cons. The complex release mechanism of encapsulated agents from hydrogel nanoparticles depends on three key factors: hydrogel matrix swelling, drug-matrix chemical interactions, and drug diffusion. This mechanism exists regardless of the type of polymer. This study provides an overview of the classification of hydrogels, release mechanisms, and the role of controlled release systems in pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, it highlights the integration of nanotechnology in ocular disease therapy, focusing on different types of nanoparticles, including nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, and pharmaceutical nanoparticles. Finally, the review discusses current commercial formulations for ocular drug delivery and recent advancements in non-invasive techniques. The objective is to present a comprehensive overview of the possibilities for enhancing ocular medication delivery through hydrogel nanoparticle systems.

Chapter 10 - Hydrogel Nanocomposite Systems: Characterization and Application in Drug-Delivery Systems

Gum exudates are among the oldest natural polymer. Natural gums have remained one of the major areas of interest for the researchers for their applicability in the drug delivery system because of their wide availability, inexpensiveness and availability in a variety of structures with varied properties. They can be easily modified chemically, biochemically and are highly stable, safe, non-toxic, gel forming and in addition are biodegradable. Rosin is one of the natural gums obtained as resinous constituent of the oleoresin exuded by various species of pine, mostly conifers. Rosin consists primarily of abietic- and pimaric-type resin acids (or rosin acids) with characteristic hydrophobic hydrophenanthrene rings which impart them excellent film-forming properties. Rosin and its derivatives are biopolymers that are increasingly used for their pharmaceutical applications. In the pharmaceutical field, it has been investigated for film-forming and coating properties, microencapsulation and as a matrix material in the tablets for sustained and controlled drug release. This article reviews the literature on rosin and its derivative and describes the varied applications of the rosin and their future exploitation in novel drug delivery systems.

This review paper addresses the latest techniques for treating cancer as well as the numerous recent studies conducted on nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for anticancer medication. Numerous chemical and structural formulations of nanoparticles have been investigated for their ability to selectively bind to certain targets and to function as a drug delivery system. The surface characteristics and size of nanoparticles are key factors that impact the bio distribution of chemotherapy medications in the body as well as the efficiency of Nano carriers. For targeting cancerous cells and transporting anticarcinogenic drugs in a controlled way, numerous scientific researchers have been led to investigate the usage of magnetic nanoparticles in the cure of oncogenic breast cancer and brain tumor cells. Other drug delivery systems that have been tested include liposomes, magnetic nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, ceramic nanoparticles, and colloidal gold nanoparticles. The application of ceramic nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy for the cure of cancer is also covered in this article. Thus, the article provides a brief overview of the topic with suitable references to review articles and original research articles that describe previous and ongoing research findings related to different types of nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer treatment.

Chitosan is one of the most popular materials in th e field of drug delivery due to its adhesivity and biodegradability. Different types of Chitosan based drug carriers have been conceived for various administration routes, such as oral, nasal, transde rmal, parenteral, vaginal, cervical and rectal due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitosan Nan oparticles (NPs) have long been studied as carriers for systemic and targeted drug delivery. Considerable r esearch efforts have been directed towards developi ng safe and efficient Chitosan NPs-based particulate d rug delivery systems. The results indicated that ch emical modification of Chitosan NPs can improve their targ eting and bioavailability. The main objectives of t his review are to study the Chitosan NPs, their prepara tion methods, characteristics and modification and finally to evaluate their potential applications in drug delivery systems.