Hydrodynamically Activated Sawdust of Common Pine Pinus sylvestris L.-substrate for Cultivation of the Strain Gl4–16A Ganoderma lucidum

Studies were conducted in 2020–2022 at the Federal Research Center "Nemchinovka" to identify the peculiarities of accumulation depending on hydrothermal conditions of the growing season of extractive substances in the grain of spring barley varieties of different intended use. At the same time, the possibility to improve their nutritional or forage properties by increasing the nitrogen nutrition background was found out. Three-factor field experiments were conducted by the split plot method, the repetition was double, and the plot area was 12 m2 . It was established that the decisive influence on the formation of the extractivity index had the factor "year" – 50,16 %, and the reliability of the influence of interaction between the factors indicated the possibility of increasing it through the rational use of nitrogen fertilizer and the use of adaptive varieties. In 2020, favorable in terms of moisture, against the background of nitrogen nutrition, grain was formed with the same high average extractivity value (80.6 %). Under dry conditions (2021–2022) there was a decrease in the average values of the indicators to 77.8–79.6 % and a decrease in the level of extractive substances in the grain after additional nitrogen fertilization. Comparison of the studied varieties by the content of extractive and protein substances in grain, accumulated at moderate and increased level of nitrogen nutrition, gave us grounds to differentiate the studied varieties as brewing, groats and fodder. In the varieties of target use in the variants of experience on the content of extractive substances in the grain, marked differences were revealed. The homeostability indicator, which takes into account the level and stability of the technological indicator in the brewing barley group has allocated the variety Nadezhnyi (1 568,94), in the forage group – the variety Yaromir (1 692,22), in the groats group – the varieties Raushan and Nur (1 779,80–1 833,72). The complex rating of the main economically important quality traits confirmed the high commercial value of varieties Nadezhnyi, Yaromir and Raushan for targeted use in intensive technologies.

Today mastopathy is the most common benign breast disease. It is diagnosed in almost one in four women aged 30 years. In women over 40 different breast pathologies are found in 60 % of cases. Mastopathy that has not been diagnosed in proper time and corrected pharmacologically can be the cause of breast cancer. The urgency of the problem is caused by widespread mastopathy and currently ineffective treatment of this disease.Aim. To study the pharmacotechnological parameters of the medicinal plant raw material (MPRM) in order to create a phytospecies for use in the treatment of mastopathy.Materials and methods. Using the technological research methods according to the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine and the method described by P. Vetrov the main technological characteristics of the raw material such as the content of extractive substances, specific density, bulk volume, and bulk density, pore volume, porosity, and free volume of the layer for MPRM under research and the phytospecies developed were studied. The technological parameters of different types of the plant raw material are determined by the following methods given above. The raw material was previously crushed to the particle size of 0.3-0.6 cm by the combined method. The data obtained were processed by the methods of economic and statistical analysis of the treatment results using computer programs.Results and discussion. The main technological parameters of the raw material are moisture, the content of extractive substances, specific density, bulk volume, and bulk density of the raw material, pore volume, porosity and free volume of the layer of the raw material. The results obtained when studying the main technological parameters of MPRM in the composition of the drug developed allow us to determine the optimal ratio between the raw material and the extractant, choose the type and size of packing of the phytospecies. Based on the analysis of the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of active substances of MPRM and the results of the technological studies the composition of the phytospecies for the complex treatment of mastopathy has been developed. The data obtained will serve as a basis for choosing the parameters of extraction and type of packing of a drug.Conclusions. The main pharmacotechnological parameters of the samples of MPRM (parsley leaves, corn silk, cranberry fruits, hop cones, common horsetail herb, rose hips, nettle leaves, stevia herb) and the phytospecies have been determined. The phytospecies developed can be used as a medicated product in the treatment of mastopathy due to the presence of the hormone-regulating, oncoprotective, choleretic, diuretic and immunomodulatory action.

Relevance. The leaves of the Plantago major are a pharmacopeic medicinal plant raw materials, quite well studied in relation to the chemical compo-sition and spectrum of medical use, but the list of drugs based on them today is limited. In this regard , it seemed to be relevant to study the possibil-ity of developing a drug in the form of a medicinal pencil containing an extraction complex of Plantago major leaves, enriched with flavonoids. To solve this problem, it was necessary to choose an extragent that selectively extracts the biologically active substances of the Plantago major leaves, with a predominance of flavonoids. The aim of the work was a comparative study of the chemical composition and immunotropic effects of the in vitro heteropoly fractions of the leaves of the Plantago major leaves. Material and methods. The object of research was the leaves of the Plantago major. The content of extractive substances in the raw materials was determined by the pharmacopeic method of single extraction using extractants of various polarity: purified water, 40 %, 70 % and 95 % of ethyl alco-hol. The content of the amount of flavonoids in extracts in terms of cinaroside was carried out by differential spectrophotomeria. Heteropoly fractions were obtained by the method of reperculation in a battery from 3 laboratory percolators with subsequent condensation and drying. The assessment of the phagocytic and microbicidal function of neutrophilic granulocytes carried out in vitro on the samples of peripheral blood of conditionally fast-ash persons. Results. It was revealed that the content of extractive substances was reduced with a decrease in the polarity of the extractant, while the content of the extracted amount of flavonoids increased. Comparative immunological studies included the extracts of Plantago major leaves, obtained with the use of 70 % and 95 % of ethyl alcohol. An analysis of their immunotropic effects showed that the fraction extracted by 70% alcohol, statistically sig-nificantly increased the indicators of the phagocytic number, phagocytic index and the relative number of neutrophilic granulocytes that absorb bacte-ria. In addition, in its presence, the digestive ability of neutrophilic granulocytes and the digestion index relative to indicators of the control group in-creased, the activity of NADPH-oxidase and the number of formsan-positive neutrophil granulocytes increased. Conclusions. A comparative assessment of the effect of heteropoly fractions of Plantago major leaves on the phagocytic and microbicidal functions of neutrophilic granulocytes showed that the most pronounced positive immunotropic effect was demonstrated by the fraction extracted with 70% ethanol.

The relevant objective of the Russian pharmaceutical industry is to create a reliable raw material base for the production of medicinal plant materials of cultivated medicinal plants, which include marigold (Cаlendula оfficinаlis L.). The yield of C. оfficinаlis inflorescences can vary significantly depending on the soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation region and the selected variety. In this regard, the aim of the study was to study the biological characteristics of the development of calendula plants under the influence of plant growth regulators and foliar feeding during cultivation in the natural and climatic conditions of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The objects of the study were the varieties of C. оfficinаlis Kalta and Paradise Garden. Field experiments were carried out in 2022-2024 in the conditions of the foothill agroclimatic zone of the republic. The conditions for successful adaptation of varieties to the soil and climatic conditions of the region are the treatment of seeds and crops with growth regulators Zircon and Epin-Extra, foliar feeding with microfertilizers Cytovit and Siliplant in combination with the growth regulator Zircon in the rosette and budding phase of plants. Pre-sowing treatment with Zircon and Epin-Extra contributed to an increase in the field germination of seeds of the studied varieties by 3.9-7.3 %, acceleration of the flowering phase by 5-9 days. The highest increase in the yield of inflorescences was noted for the Kalta variety in the Siliplant + Zircon variant (+20.0 %), for the Paradise Garden variety - Cytovit + Zircon (+24.0 %). The share of double inflorescences increased by 9.9 and 3.6 %, respectively, the content of extractive substances - by 4.0 % and 7.4 %, the amount of flavonoids - by 13.8 % and 15.3 %. In terms of the size of the structural elements of the yield of medicinal raw materials (quantity, diameter and share of double inflorescences), the Raisky Sad variety has an advantage, demonstrating higher stability of yield and quality of raw materials in the soil and climatic conditions of Kabardino-Balkaria.

Alcohol-water extracts of Thymus vulgaris have obtained by ultrasonic extraction method for different times extraction. The obtained extracts have been tested for the quantitative content of extractive substances, phenolic compounds and flavonoids and for the presence of antioxidant activity. The best studied indicators were found in extract obtained by ultrasound extraction for 40 minutes (content of extractive substances 25 mg / ml, sum of polyphenolic compounds 30 mg / ml, flavonoids content 45 mg / ml).

Alcohol-water extracts of Genistella sagittalis have obtained by ultrasonic extraction method for different times extraction. The obtained extracts have been tested for the quantitative content of extractive substances, phenolic compounds and flavonoids and for the presence antioxidant activity. The best studied indicators were found in extract obtained by ultrasound extraction for 40 minutes (content of extractive substances 25 mg/ml, sum of polyphenolic compounds 30 mg/ml, flavonoids content 45 mg/ml).

The analysis of the chemical composition of the vegetable raw materials received from leaves of an aspen ordinary, family plants Willow (Salicaceae), growing in the territory of the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district Yugra is provided in article. The choice of raw materials is caused by a large supply and fast reproducibility of a raw resource. In work numerical indicators and indicators of high quality of raw materials are established (humidity, the general ashes, sulphatic ashes, ashes not soluble in 10% to hydrochloric acid, extractive substances). The way of extraction of vegetable raw materials is reasonable, the comparative characteristic of content of extractive substances is provided in the received extracts. It is shown that the average content of extractive substances in native samples is 27.9%, the content of polysaccharides – 10.9%. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active agents is carried out by method of a highly effective liquid chromatography. The dominating components in samples of the plants growing in the territory of one land plot are салицин 510 mg of %, гиперозид 170 mg of %, routines of 210 mg of %. Influence of process of fermentation on the chemical composition of the vegetable raw materials received from leaves of an aspen ordinary is studied. The greatest exit of phenolic connections at impact on vegetable raw materials of fermentation is established by cold. The positive effect of impact of fermentation by crushing on quantity of the identified biologically active components is defined. Work was carried out for assessment of phytochemical parameters of quality of vegetable raw materials and formation of justification of analytical approaches to diagnostics of vegetable raw materials of the explored territory.

The analysis of literary sources indicates the growing interest of researchers in the search for new sources of medicinal plant raw materials. In the Russian Federation, it is currently allowed to use such types of wild rose as May rosehip, acuminate rosehip, Daurian rosehip, Begger's rosehip, Fedchenko's rosehip, wrinkled rosehip and others, which are regulated by the FS standard.2.5.0106 "Rosehip fruits". According to the requirements of GF XV, whole raw materials, rosehip fruits, are cleaned of sepals, which are usually disposed of. The sepals are removed after the raw materials are dried. When processing rosehip fruits for the production of drugs such as Rosehip Oil, Carotolin, Rosehip Syrup, and Holosas, sepals accumulate in significant amounts as industrial waste. In the context of current trends in the processing of phytoprotection waste, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of drugs and create innovative products, it becomes relevant to study the chemical composition of these wastes and assess their potential use in pharmaceutical practice. The purpose of this work is to conduct a preliminary analysis of the composition of biologically active substances in the sepals of rosehip fruits and to assess the content of extractive substances and various groups of biologically active compounds. The authors quantified the content of extractive substances in the sepals of rosehip fruits of three species, the quantitative content of the sum of water-soluble polysaccharides (from 4.21 to 6.42), the sum of polyphenolic substances (from 6.19 to 7.76), the sum of organic acids (from 2.45 to 3.64), the sum of triterpene saponins (from 0.89 to 1.14). Despite the presence of a significant amount of valuable biologically active compounds in the raw materials, the sepals of rosehip fruits are currently classified as waste from the processing of pharmacopoeial raw materials and are subject to disposal. This situation highlights the need for in-depth research aimed at isolating and identifying individual active components contained in the sepals. In addition, an assessment of their pharmacological activity and potential therapeutic effects is required. Conducting such research can help open up new opportunities for the use of these raw materials in medical and pharmaceutical practice, which, in turn, will optimize the use of resources and develop innovative products based on previously ignored waste.

In this article, the authors studied the macrodiagnostic characteristics of pear fruits of three varieties that are most common in the food markets of the Russian Federation. To date, the standardization of such promising and rich in the composition of biologically active substances (BAS) raw materials is carried out only in accordance with the state Standards of the food industry. The research was aimed at developing quality indicators necessary for identifying raw materials that could be considered as a source for obtaining medicinal substances. For all the studied fruits, the total content of extractive substances, organic acids in terms of malic acid and pectin substances was determined. The content of extractive substances was from 15.8% to 17.6%, organic acids - from 0.34% to 1.09%, pectin substances - from 1.15% to 1.87%. As a result of the qualitative reactions, the data of TLC-spectrophotometric method pear fruits, the varieties which are most widely cultivated on the territory of the Russian Federation, was identified as arbutin, which allows to consider the material as a promising source of valuable biologically-active substances and actualizes the further research aimed at developing modern methods of standardization for inclusion in the proposed regulatory documentation.

Aim of study: The paper presents the results of studying the content of extractive substances in Picea obovate L. wood in places of mass development of Ips typographus in the European part of Russia (the Udmurt Republic). 
 Area of study: The Udmurt Republic is located in the East of the Eastern European plain (in the Urals) and has the total area of 42.1 thousand km2. Udmurtia is located in the basins of such large rivers as the Kama and Vyatka.
 Material and methods: To assess forest stands, two test plots were allotted in two forest districts in the South of the Republic. Stand parameters of the plantings were determined according to generally accepted methods. After taking into account all the trees on the site, the plants of the main tier were divided into three groups according to their vital condition. Within each group, three individuals were selected to study the biochemical characteristics of wood. 
 Main results: The results of the study showed that one of the factors determining the content of extractive substances is the state of the plant.
 Highlights: It is obvious that the studied substances play an important protective role in the adaptive reactions of Siberian spruce in response to bark beetles.

Qualitative and quantitative compositions of extracts of birch (Betula pendula Roth.) leaves after natural and artificial defoliations were studied. Composition of the fraction of total lipids was determined. Overall, 11 fatty acids were identified. Differences between the fatty acid compositions of total lipids in the trees subjected to defoliation, consisting in the increase in quantities of short-chain saturated fatty acids and trienoic acids, were detected. Nine individual compounds--six flavones, two flavanones, and one flavanonol--were isolated from the flavonoid fraction by column chromatography. It was found that the total content of extractive substances in birch leaves as well as amounts of free sterols, triterpene compounds, and flavones decreased 1 year after an artificial defoliation and 1 month after depredation of 75% of birch stands by gypsy moth. On the contrary, the contents of flavanones and flavanonol increased. The assay method proposed may be used for studying the compositions of plant extracts.

The paper presents the results of the development of quality indicators of Antonovka apple fruits, made for raw materials that are planned to be used in the production of functional nutrition, which involves a combination of analysis methods used in the food industry and pharmacopoeia. The purpose of the study: to develop indicators of the quality of the fruits of the Antonovka cultivated apple tree for use in the manufacture of functional food. The object of the study was the fruits of the Antonovka apple variety, corresponding to GOST 34314-2017. Fresh apples sold in retail. Technical conditions. The qualitative analysis was carried out with guaranteed reagents in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XV edition, at the Department of Chemistry of the Sechenov University. Commodity indicators were determined in accordance with the GPM.1.2.2.2.0013.15 "General ash", GPM.1.5.3.0005.15 "Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid", GPM.1.5.3.0007.15 "Determination of the moisture content of medicinal plant raw materials". The quantitative assessment of extractive substances was carried out in accordance with the GPM.1.5.3.0006.15 "Determination of the content of extractive substances in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations". During the experimental study, a qualitative analysis of the studied raw materials, i.e. the fruits of the Antonovka apple variety, pre-crushed and dried, was carried out; the presence of biologically active substances such as flavonoids, tannins, and polysaccharides was revealed. An assessment of commodity indicators was carried out, including the determination of humidity, total ash, and insoluble ash in HCl. The authors also determined the quantitative content of extractive substances extracted with water and alcohol 70%. The results obtained can form the basis of documentation characterizing the quality of apple tree raw materials and subsequently be used in the standardization of a functional product.

The paper presents the results of research on the study of the peculiarities of the biochemical composition of Siberian spruce (Pícea obovata Ledeb.) in the conditions of their mass drying on the territory of the Udmurt Republic. One of the internal mechanisms that are a response to external adverse factors is the strengthening of the formation of secondary metabolites, in particular, tannins. Our results of biochemical analysis of wood showed that the content of extractive substances is closely related to the vital state of trees. The highest content of extractive substances was observed in individuals of good and satisfactory life condition. It is evident that extractive substances in wood play a large role in the adaptive reactions of Siberian spruce, and increasing their production is a response to adverse environmental factors. The study is funded with the support of RFBR grant No. 19-04-00353 A.

Relevance. Contemporary pharmaceutical industry requires constant search and development of new technologies for the production of pharmacological products. At the same time, the processing of plants, which contain substances with a therapeutic effect, is a promising direction. Their use in terms of economic and therapeutic effectiveness is sometimes very beneficial. It has been proven that lichen plants contain substances that have a therapeutic effect. Organisms of the genus Cladonia, which synthesize usnic acid, among them have a special significance and application. The extraction of usnic acid from lichen biomass is carried out using various organic solvents. At the same time, it is preferable to use techniques with the lowest cost with a high quantitative yield of extractives. In addition, extracts containing bioactive substances should exhibit significant biological activity. The aim is improving the technology of extraction of usnic acid from the vegetable raw materials of Cladonia rangiferina Hoff by determining the optimal components for its extraction. Materials and methods. The material for the study is raw material of Yagel (Deer Moss)/Cladonia rangiferina Hoff. The extractive properties of the most commonly used solvents (purified water, ethyl alcohol 40, 70 and 95%) were studied, among which the most effective was identified. The content of extractive substances was determined by the gravimetric analysis method. The results of the study. According to the results of a series of experiments to study extractive capabilities, of all solvents, the maximum extractive ability of extractive substances from Cladonia rangiferina Hoff was noted for 95% ethyl alcohol (7.38%). Ethyl alcohol 70% was produced with a high extraction capacity, however, it turned out to be less effective. The conclusion was made about these methods can be used to detect biologically active substances obtained from the raw materials of Cladonia rangiferina Hoff. The obtained developments create prerequisites for the development of regulatory documentation on the procedure and position of the relevant standard or a temporary pharmacopoeia article.

The research results of the Siberian larch needle extractives are presented in paper. The content of extractive substances from green and yellow needles extracted by organic solvents with different polarities is determined. It is found out that the double increase of the yellow needle extractive substances content soluble in hydrocarbon extractant is observed, whereas it is decreased by 30 per cent when extracted with propan-2-ol. The group composition of needle extracts derived from isopropanol extract by petroleum ether is determined. The neutral substances content in both needle collections is practically the same, although the yellow needles contain less acid “bound” in the form of esters. There is a high content of waxes in the needles, which mainly consist of secondary nonacosanol-10 alcohol.
 The composition of free and “bound” acids in Siberian larch needles of different vegetation periods is established. The needles are dominated by groups of higher unsaturated C-18 fatty acids. Resin acids are represented by isopimaric acid (isopimaric and sandaracopimaric) and abietic acids: abietic, dehydroabietic and levopiric acids. In yellow needles, the content of dehydroabietic acid is increased quadrupled and the hydroxy acids are identified: 15-hydroxyabietic acid and 15-hydroxyhydroabietic acid. The tri- and tetraenic C-20 acids are identified among higher fatty acids.