Hybrid Wind-Solar Systems: A Comprehensive Simulation, Optimization, and Decision-Support Framework for Arid Climates with a Case Study in Kuwait

Increased concerns over global warming and air pollution has pushed governments to consider renewable energy as an alternative to meet the required energy demands of countries. Many government policies are deployed in Taiwan to promote solar and wind energy to cope with air pollution and self-dependency for energy generation. However, the residential sector contribution is not significant despite higher feed-in tariff rates set by government. This study analyzes wind and solar power availability of four different locations of southern Taiwan, based on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system. The solar–wind hybrid system (SWHS) considered in this study consists of multi-crystalline photovoltaic (PV) modules, vertical wind turbines, inverters and batteries. Global reanalysis weather data and a climate-based electricity load profile at a 1-h resolution was used for the simulation. A general framework for multi-objective optimization using this simulation technique is proposed for solar–wind hybrid system, considering the feed-in tariff regulations, environmental regulations and installation area constraints of Taiwan. The hourly load profile is selected using a climate classification system. A decomposition-based differential evolutionary algorithm is used for finding the optimal Pareto set of two economic objectives and one environmental objective with maximum installation area and maximum PV capacity constraints. Two types of buildings are chosen for analysis at four climate locations. Analysis of Pareto sets revealed that the photovoltaic modules are economic options for a grid-connected mode at all four locations, whereas solar–wind hybrid systems are more environmentally friendly. A method of finding the fitness index for the Pareto front sets and a balanced strategy for choosing the optimal configuration is proposed. The proposed balanced strategy provides savings to users—up to 49% for urban residential buildings and up to 32% for rural residential buildings with respect to buildings without a hybrid energy system (HES)—while keeping carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions lower than 50% for the total project lifecycle time of 20 years. The case study reveals that for all four locations and two building types an HES system comprising a 15 kW photovoltaic system and a small capacity battery bank provides the optimal balance between economic and environmental objectives.

The worldwide renewable energy installed capacities have increased rapidly, aiming to secure power supply and replace fossil fuels. However, challenges persist in optimizing the size of hydropower installed capacity expansion (HICE) in hydro- solar-wind hybrid system. In this study, an analytic method is proposed to determine the optimal hydropower installed capacity expansion size based on the relationship between HICE and generation, as well as the relationship between HICE and energy-loss. Firstly, an optimization function for HICE is proposed using the net present value method. Then, function assumptions are made and validated for the relationship between HICE and generation (HICE-generation function) and the relationship between HICE and energy loss (HICE-energy-loss function). Finally, the optimal sizes of HICE derived from the numerical and analytical methods are compared. A case study in the Yalong River basin in China reveals that: (1) the proposed HICE-generation and HICE-energy-loss functions can quantitatively characterize the relationship between HICE and generation and energy loss; (2) the proposed analytical method could yield the optimal HICE size without the need for a simulation process and heavy computational burden; and (3) it provides an optimal HICE size of 1210 MW with a relative error of only 5.5% compared to the numerical solution. Therefore, the proposed analytical method can be an effective tool for the planning and management of large hybrid energy systems.

The paper presents a novel AI-based simulation model that can be applied in the optimization of sustainable energy distribution in Smart Grids (SG). The framework integrates the energy demand forecasting, model of renewable energy generation, and online grid optimization relying on the features of the recent machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest Regressor. The model is trained on a synthetical dataset, which contains seasonal variability of demand, and renewable sources of power which comprise of solar and wind power. The performance of the demand forecasting model has also been evaluated in key measures with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.80 and mean squared error (MSE) of 7.25 as good forecasting performance of the model. Otherwise, a Watts-Strogatz graph is a simulated software that is designed to represent a smart grid network, with consumers, producers and storage units being the nodes. The allocation of resources is also efficient and the energy allocation within the network is optimized based on the nature of the nodes and their carrying capabilities. Real-time simulations suggest that the system maintains a balance between supply and demand of 100 percent, and renewable energy share of 46.5. The results emphasize the AI possibilities in enhancing Smart Grids performance with the integration of real-time monitoring, optimization, and detection of anomalies. This framework forms a platform onto which the Smart grid applications of the future can be designed with the focus on sustainability and efficiency of operation.

Objective: The target of this paper is to implement an economical chopper and electrical converter for the hybrid windsolar system. Method: A replacement topology of a mix of CUK and SEPIC convertor is used rather than a private DC/DC convertor. The motor load is provided by victimization the two diodes that connects each wind and solar energy singly or along depending on accessibility. With the improved management in DC/DC convertor and within the electrical converter that associated with the auxiliary circuit in accumulation by the closed-loop system PI controller a more robust control is achieved. Findings: The fused chopper replaced the separate solar and wind choppers and rather than typical electrical converter the novel pulse width modulated electrical converter used supplied with a correct pulse width modulation (PWM) control using 3 equal reference signals. The closed-loop system management is achieved with the digital PI controller and MPPT draws the maximum power from the solar that improves the response with the fast raise in load. The system is validated with MATLAB/Simulink and therefore the output voltage of fused chopper for various solar irradiance and wind speed are tabulated. The output voltage of electrical converter and therefore the motor characteristics are analyzed. Applications/Improvements: For standalone applications within the agriculture water pumping the requirement will satisfy with the hybrid wind solar system.

Numerical estimation model of energy conversion for small hybrid solar–wind system

This paper shows the effectiveness of adaptive terminal sliding mode control in grid connected hybrid solar PV and wind system for improvement in error tracking performance under different disturbances. Lead acid battery arrangement is made to support hybrid system. To analyze hybrid system, d-q axis circuit models are independently derived for both PMAC (Permanent Magnet AC) generator and inverter. An adaptive Lyapunov-based rapid terminal sliding mode control is superior over the traditional PI control because of its faster error tracking capability and robustness. Q-V-based inverter control is employed to interface single phase grid and the hybrid system. To substantiate the proposed theory a number of case studies have been conducted like parametric changes of converters, inverter and the changes occurring in the hybrid system. Experimental results of proposed control are obtained from a laboratory prototype of 250 W PMAC and 500W PV hybrid module with 100 ampere-hour battery system. Small-signal stability at different disturbance points are analyzed using dynamic simulations on MATLAB/Simulink.2014R(b). Real time controller is implemented through programming in Lab-VIEW on NI c-RIO 9082.

<abstract> <p>This is an experimental study that investigates the performance of a hybrid wind-solar street lighting system and its cost of energy. The site local design conditions of solar irradiation and wind velocity were employed in the design of the system components. HOMER software was also used to determine the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and energy performance indices, which provides an assessment of the system's economic feasibility. The hybrid power supply system comprised of an integrated two photovoltaic (PV) solar modules and a combined Banki-Darrieus wind turbines. The second PV module was used to extend the battery storage for longer runtime, and the Banki-Darrieus wind turbines were used also to boost the battery charge for times when there is wind but no sunshine, especially in winter and at night. The results indicated that the hybrid system proved to be operating successfully to supply power for a street LED light of 30 watts. A wind power of 113 W was reached for a maximum wind speed that was recorded in the year 2021 of 12.10 m/s. The efficiency of the combined Banki-Darrieus wind turbine is 56.64%. In addition, based on the HOMER optimization analysis of three scenarios, of which, using either a solar PV system or the combined wind turbines each alone, or using the hybrid wind-solar system. The software results showed that the hybrid wind-solar system is the most economically feasible case.</p> </abstract>

The most popular renewable energy technology is hybrid power system consisting of wind and solar energy sources because the system is reliable and complimentary in nature. Wind/PV hybrid system is commonly used in distributed generation (DG). This paper proposes a new solution for improved voltage stability with quality power output. In this system voltage out from wind energy conversion system (WECS) and photo voltaic panel are given to separate DC-DC converters, independently controlled and connected to a common DC bus and from there it is inverted. In the proposed controller the voltage stability is obtained by applying honey bee (HB) optimisation algorithm along with a PI controller. The implementation of the proposed method is done by using Simulink platform. The performance of the suggested coordinated control system is analysed by comparing the computer simulation results with and with out using controllers and it shows that the proposed system is more efficient.

The most popular renewable energy technology is hybrid power system consisting of wind and solar energy sources because the system is reliable and complimentary in nature. Wind/PV hybrid system is commonly used in distributed generation (DG). This paper proposes a new solution for improved voltage stability with quality power output. In this system voltage out from wind energy conversion system (WECS) and photo voltaic panel are given to separate DC-DC converters, independently controlled and connected to a common DC bus and from there it is inverted. In the proposed controller the voltage stability is obtained by applying honey bee (HB) optimisation algorithm along with a PI controller. The implementation of the proposed method is done by using Simulink platform. The performance of the suggested coordinated control system is analysed by comparing the computer simulation results with and with out using controllers and it shows that the proposed system is more efficient.

The hybrid wind-solar system is a combination of renewable energy sources, specifically wind and solar, that is utilized for power generation. While wind power has historically been used for various purposes such as sails, windmills, and wind pumps, it is now predominantly used for electricity generation. This system incorporates solar panels and small wind turbine generators to produce electricity. The advantage of hybrid systems is that they can generate electricity as needed, taking into account the varying peak working hours of solar and wind systems throughout the year. To ensure a stable power system, UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) is employed. This multipurpose power conditioner serves multiple functions, including preventing harmonic load current from entering the power system, rectifying voltage fluctuations, and compensating for voltage disturbances from different power sources. It is specifically designed to minimize interference with sensitive or critical loads. With its series and shunt compensation capabilities, UPQC effectively manages power flow, reactive power, harmonics, and voltage disturbances. In this paper, the work addresses the issue of electricity quality that arises from the installation of wind turbines in the grid. To get over this issue, the suggested course of action demonstrates how to install a BESS and a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) at the connection point. Even though wind power fluctuates, the use of battery energy storage technology helps to provide a constant power supply. With the power system block established in MATLAB/SIMULINK, one can simulate the UPQC control method of a grid-connected wind energy generating plant. As a result, the power's quality will increase. When the recommended approach lowers the load's and the induction generator's reactive power requirements, it is successful. Furthermore, the plan for raising the grid's power quality criteria and developing the grid coordination rule are also provided.

Energy is a major component of almost all economic, production, and service activities, and rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization have led to ever growing demand for energy. Limited energy resources and increasingly evident environmental effects of fossil fuel consumption has led to a growing awareness about the importance of further use of renewable energy sources in the countries energy portfolio. Renewable hydrogen production is a convenient method for storage of unstable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy for use in other place or time. In this study, suitability of 25 cities located in Iran\'s western region for renewable hydrogen production are evaluated by multi-criteria decision making techniques including TOPSIS, VIKOR, ELECTRE, SAW, Fuzzy TOPSIS, and also hybrid ranking techniques. The choice of suitable location for the centralized renewable hydrogen production is associated with various technical, economic, social, geographic, and political criteria. This paper describes the criteria affecting the hydrogen production potential in the study region. Determined criteria are weighted with Shannon entropy method, and Angstrom model and wind power model are used to estimate respectively the solar and wind energy production potential in each city and each month. Assuming the use of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer for hydrogen production, the renewable hydrogen production potential of each city is then estimated based on the obtained wind and solar energy generation potentials. The rankings obtained with MCDMs show that Kermanshah is the best option for renewable hydrogen production, and evaluation of renewable hydrogen production capacities show that Gilangharb has the highest capacity among the studied cities.

With the growing adoption of renewable energy, hybrid wind-solar plants are gaining interest because they allow the increase of energy yield per unit of surface area. However, the presence of wind turbines creates unique shading scenarios for the solar panels. This work presents a simulation-based approach to investigate the solar plant’s energy yield and converter IGBT lifetime in the presence of dynamic and fast-moving shadows created by the wind turbine blades. First, the need for a dynamic simulation as opposed to a static one is examined. Next, the sensitivity of Photovoltaic (PV) string orientation, PV string location, wind direction, Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) control speed, and turbine rotor speeds on energy yield and IGBT lifetime are investigated in a case study. Results show that dynamic and static simulations can show vastly different results. MPPT can have difficulty with shadow flicker, resulting in different string voltages depending on the MPPT update speed and wind turbine rotor speed. The shadow flicker introduces additional temperature swings in the IGBT, but these are too small to add any significant lifetime consumption (<1.2%). Thus, the observed changes in lifetime consumption are caused mainly by controller behavior and static shadows. Finally, it is concluded that PV strings are better placed south, east, or west of the wind turbine for optimal energy yield and lifetime consumption. A northern placement can be suitable if there is a significant distance (+50 m) between the PV string and the wind turbine.

The energy consumption for the purpose of lighting has comprised about 30% of energy consumption and around 45% to 50% of peak load in Iran. Based on the statistics of the road maintenance and transportation organization of Iran (RMTO), the quantity of installed lighting equipment had significant growth in recent years. An appropriate combination of renewable energy resources leads to reliable, green and economic generation system. Using hybrid solar-wind systems to supply street lightings' required energy with low-power lamps is an impressive method to decrease energy consumption. In this paper, a comprehensive study is carried out to achieve an optimal design for a hybrid solar-wind system that supplies electricity to the roads and highways lights in Iran. In the proposed approach, to achieve an optimum design for the hybrid system, suitable options for each part of the system is selected according to its technical specifications, and then the capacity and the number of components is determined in order to minimize an objective function comprised of a cost function, loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and subject to satisfy prevailing technical constraints. Bat algorithm (BA) is employed to solve the proposed optimization problem. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in various situations of operation for the case study of Tabriz city regard to pertaining load profile and weather data. The case study is categorized into three scenarios in which the hybrid system has different schemes, and the results show that the proposed hybrid system is notably practical and cost-effective to supply electrical energy of highway and street lightings.

Techno-econo-environmental optimal operation of grid-wind-solar electricity generation with hydrogen storage system for domestic scale, case study in Chad

Technical-economic analysis of the insertion of PV power into a wind-solar hybrid system