Hybrid civil society organizations in Vietnam: the case of the fishery union of Quang Ngai province

The universal application of the traditional social work model has faced growing criticism in non-Western contexts, particularly in developing countries like Vietnam and China, where the relationship between the state and social organizations is complex and multifaceted. This study addresses this gap by examining the Fisheries Trade Union in Quang Ngai province as a representative example of a hybrid civil society actor in Vietnam. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach, which includes fieldwork and organizational analysis, we explore how the Union navigates its dual role as both a conduit for implementing state policies and an advocate for its members' negotiations to gain autonomy, despite significant institutional constraints. The study presents a novel model of organizational resilience and community empowerment that challenges the conventional state-society dichotomy prevalent in Western theories. This study uses ethnographic approach in over six months in 2024, with a combination of semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, document analysis, and participant observation. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of hybrid organizational structures in non-Western settings, offering novel insights into their potential for fostering community-based social development and providing a more nuanced perspective for both researchers and policymakers. Qualitative analysis demonstrates that the Union sustains and advances itself by strategically balancing dual functions: executing state policy directives while representing and safeguarding the interests of the fishing community.

The Village Cash for Work Program meets the criteria for community empowerment. PKTD fulfills all aspects of community empowerment both definitively, principles, steps and goals according to Mardikanto's empowerment theory. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of community empowerment through PKTD during the pandemic in Bangunjiwo Village, Kapanewon Kasihan, Bantul Regency, DIY. This research is a qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive model. The analysis was carried out from the results of observations, interviews, documentation, written notes. In addition, as data triangulation, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted which involved PKTD stakeholders. This research is located in Bangunjiwo Village, Kapanewon Kasihan, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results of this study are that there are two models of community empowerment in Bangunjiwo. These two empowerment models are influenced by the geographical location of the program. The closer to the settlements has the higher the participation rate and the higher program outcomes. The changes of village fund priorities in 2020 with an allocation of 30% wages, and 2021 50% wages. Last, road class has an effect on the authority and subsequent compensation. So they need for a correct understanding of local village-scale assets and authorities.

The aims of this study were to portrait and understand a communication model for farmer community empowerment in the field and development efforts for the success of the farming community in the future. This study use constructivistic qualitative-interpretive paradigm. By understanding the phenomena that occur in the communication process in Lestari Makmur mushroom farmer group, identify important categories and construct as a portrait communication model. Based on the portrait of communication model, researchers tried to find alternative communication model for the future successfully of the farmer groups. This study has found an early model, which describes a communication model of mushroom farmer community empowerment that tend to be authoritarian. The leader of the farmer groups dominate in many things. It has been found two alternative community empowerment communication model: 1) Communication model of farmer community empowerment with the professional assistance, 2) Communication model of farmer community empowerment with democratic leadership. It was concluded that the communication model of empowerment should be directed at the professional assistance, and for the future sustainability of the group, they are directed at the communication model with democratic leadership. It is important to suggest to the farmer groups about the substantive of community empowerment, to understand on a mushroom farmer groups that responsibility is not only the cultivation of course, there are still many things to be done as a group of farmers to be more advanced in the future.

Wedi Village is one of the areas in Bojonegoro Regency, East Java, where the community can take advantage of its natural potential. The development of Salak Wedi Agrotourism is one of the community empowerment programs to develop the potential of a village to improve the welfare of the community. Therefore, the author formulates the problem as follows: (1) How is the process of community empowerment through the development of Salak Wedi Agrotourism by the Wedi Village Tourism Awareness Group. (2) How is the community empowerment model through the development of Salak Wedi Agrotourism by the Wedi Village Tourism Awareness Group. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. In this study, researchers were directly involved in extracting data. Analysis of the data used using the theory of Milles and Haberman, which includes data reduction, data exposure, and conclusion. This study indicates that: (1) the community empowerment process through the development of Salak Wedi Agrotourism goes through several stages, namely the problem posing stage, problem analysis stage, goal setting stage (aims) and targets (objectives), action plans stage, the implementation stage of activities, and the evaluation stage. (2) the community empowerment model through the development of Salak Wedi Agrotourism conducted in Wedi Village is a bottom-up model. The model uses the concept of community participation in all empowerment processes because with participation in the community, the community is placed as a subject. In addition, the community development empowerment model is also used, which is an empowerment model that is carried out through the development of the potential of natural resources and human resources assisted by facilitators.

Social criticism is an issue that demonstrates the democratic nature of state governance. Policies issued with the participation of many subjects will become effective state management tools, expressing both the will of the state and the aspirations of the people. Among the many subjects participating in social criticism, trade unions are a common subject, with the nature of representative organizations of workers and established in countries. In Vietnam, trade unions are defined as socio-political organizations, established and operating in parallel with central and local government levels; at the same time, trade unions are established and operate in each agency and organization in the political system in Vietnam. This study addresses the issue of social criticism of trade unions through the content of participating in policy criticism at the local level in direct and indirect forms; contributing to ensuring the quality of policies issued by localities. Based on the theoretical framework developed, the author surveyed the opinions of 200 leaders of grassroots trade union organizations in localities of 3 provinces representing 3 regions of Vietnam, including: Hung Yen Province (North), Quang Ngai Province (Central), Tay Ninh Province (South). The research and survey results show that the role of trade union organizations in policy criticism contributes to ensuring the quality of policies issued by localities; participation in policy criticism is mainly in an indirect form and needs to be strengthened more than direct participation in criticism. From the research conclusion, the author discusses appropriate solutions to promote the policy criticism role of trade union organizations in Vietnam.

Sustainable development is at the core of the conceptual approach of biosphere reserves, so the objectives of biodiversity conservation must be in line with economic development, cultural enrichment, and the involvement of local communities. Community activities in the Giam Siak Kecil - Bukit Batu (GSKBB) biosphere reserve area have affected its ecosystem changes. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of sustainable community empowerment around the biosphere reserve area. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, while data analysis was conducted with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the institutional management of community empowerment in buffer villages was still stagnant and not dynamic, so that community empowerment programs from the economic, social, cultural, and political sectors did not develop massively. Factors that hinder the management of community empowerment institutions in buffer villages are limited human resources, transportation facilities and information, the principle of cooperation that begins to fade, and the existence of institutions that are only formalities. The research concluded that the model of innovative collaboration in community empowerment institutional management is a suitable model to be applied in the GSKBB biosphere reserve area.

Community empowerment is one form of implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) carried out by companies. In its implementation, there are various models and strategies that can be used to support implementation. In Indonesia, the study of community empowerment by companies has become a new tradition in the development of CSR models. In the last decade, various models of community empowerment by companies have developed resulting from research related to CSR, especially those that examine community empowerment. This research is a systematic literature review to analyze the model of community empowerment by companies that are reviewed based on dissertation research sources published in the 2013-2020 period by Sebelas Maret University. There are 9 dissertation studies that were analyzed to find a synthesis of community empowerment models in corporate social responsibility programs. The majority of the studies were conducted in case studies with a qualitative approach. The findings of this study are that the model of community empowerment by companies in Indonesia is developed based on the “local context” and “actor relations” that exist within the scope of the community empowerment program.

There is a negative stigma toward Islamic boarding school (Pesantren) in the village suspected as supporting radicalism and the place of terrorist linked to bomb-blasting events in Indonesia between 2000-2017. The research used qualitative method of participatory learning action (PLA). Data were collected through interviews, and documentation, observation and focus group discussions and use participatory analysis technique. Informants heve been purposively selected namely community and religious leaders, groups of empowerment, village apparatus and Islamic boarding school management. The research took place in village of Pasuruhan, Cilacap in Central Java and village of Cikoneng, Ciamis in West Java. The results showed the community empowerment model could be mediation of trauma and disharmony through community-based economic activities of village resources potential, namely farming and livestock groups, business groups and cooperative business economy. The model of community empowerment should be developed to perform a comprehensive program ranging from the identification of the problem, the potential of human resources, natural resources and the economy of rural communities up to the analysis solution in the form of extension program, assistance and partnerships.

Community empowerment is designed to enhance economic development. Government programs that are usually top-down are now formulated to involve the active role of social innovation in the community. This research is focused on community empowerment through indigenous values. Bottom-up community empowerment, namely originating from joint decisions of community groups and for the welfare of the community, as well as assistance from the government, will have long-lasting value. With the indigenous value and indigenous knowledge they have, community groups develop the ability to analyze the condition of their communities and carry out action planning, where community groups are involved from the beginning of the process to the end. This research is intended to validate the community empowerment model of Tamansari Village, Banyuwangi, by using the PRA (Participatory Rural Analysis) concept in the tourism sector. The approach used in this study was post-positivist with qualitative data collection techniques, namely focus group discussions and interviews. The results showed that the community empowerment model in Tamansari Village contains a combination of social innovation and policy concepts. The combination is observed in seven dimensions, namely understanding, institutions, facilitators, implementation of community planning, community capacity building, productive economic business development, and training of community leaders as guides.

This paper describes the empowerment model as well as the process and practice of empowering the STAPA community for child labor in tobacco plantations in the perspective of communicative action, from community empowerment practices measured from community participation in empowerment program services from the STAPA community in terms of planning, program action, decision making to evaluation with communicative action practices. The focus of this research object is tobacco plantation child labor in Jember Regency. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the model of community empowerment from the perspective of communicative action, so from here the author's goal is to find a model of community empowerment in the practice of communicative action, therefore this study uses qualitative research methods, data collection methods are carried out by interviewing with the help of key informants, then the documentation method is collecting data from previous research and documentation from the government and the community. This study shows that the model of community empowerment in the perspective of communicative action that is practiced by the STAPA community is to use the concept of empowerment as an interjective communication as a stimulus for discourse in the target community so that the goal of community empowerment in tobacco plantation child workers can be achieved. Keywords: Model, Empowerment, STAPA, Labour, Child

Community empowerment is important for local institutions in realizing Nagari Tageh. Tageh means it must be flexible in the fields of health, education, food, economy, socio-culture, information, disasters, bundo kanduang, security and controlling community diseases in Nagari Sungai Kunyit. This research aims to identify a model for empowering local institutions in the Nagari Tageh program in Nagari Sungai Kunyit. This research analysis tool uses community empowerment theory according to Jim Ife. The research methodology uses a qualitative approach and case studies, the techniques used are observation, in-depth interviews, documentation studies and focus group discussions (FGD). This research shows that the empowerment model does not involve the community in a participatory manner. The empowerment model is based on local institutional analysis, namely the empowerment of formal Nagari government institutions and the informal institution Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) as an intermediate goal of empowering community groups . The empowerment model in realizing Nagari Tageh is the empowerment model in realizing Nagari Tageh is the local community involvement model and the media utilization model. A model of community involvement by identifying local institutions, related to the values and institutions available in the nagari, for example youth institutions, the density of nagari customs. Meanwhile, the media utilization model is to identify media activists in the nagari, both individually and institutionally, who actively use social media, and then collaborate with the nagari or tourism business actors. the local community involvement model and the mass media model. This model functions to empower formal Nagari government institutions and informal Nagari traditional institutions (KAN) as an intermediary goal for empowering community groups. Novelty in this research is a model of community empowerment based on local institutions.

Community empowerment has been studied as a process and result phenomenon throughout the last 40 years. Community partnership, which has been studied during the last 20 years, has been identified as a key process to promote intervention and research within communities. In this paper, we introduce the relation between these two concepts, from the research that is being developed at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Health Research (CIIS) in Universidade Católica Portuguesa. We comment on the available evidence regarding community partnership and community empowerment within the Nursing Decision-Making process. There is a particular focus on Community Health Nursing Specialists (CHNS) and the aim to promote the identification of CHNS as potential community partnership developers within society. It is also important to analyze how community partnership processes are intentionally integrated as a nursing intervention within the nursing process. This analysis should occur from the nursing diagnosis to the evaluation of health gains in communities sensitive to CHNS care in a Nursing Theoretical Model developed from a Nursing PhD process—the Community Assessment, Intervention, and Empowerment Model.

ABSTRACT
 
 This study aims to examine the model’s formation that can reduce the problem of unemployment and poverty. In accordance with these objectives, there are several principal problems studied in this research that are; (1) how the approach to poverty reduction programs should be made, (2) how the potential of local institutions' resources are able to act as virtuous circles to reduce the poverty, (3) how the community empowerment model system based on the potential of local wisdom resources and institutions local communities should be conducted in order to be able to significantly reduce the number of local poor community, independent and sustainable. 
 This research was conducted at Muntuk Village due to it is classified as a backward village and it still has the good local wisdom potential to be developed further. This research applies participatory research method to the craftsmen group chosen as pioneer in forming the community empowerment model. The main subjects in this research are; craftsmen group and socio economic community societies at Muntuk Village. The subjects of this study are determined by purposive sampling. Data collection techniques are done through interview, FGD, and analytical descriptive analysis.
 The result of the research shows that the link and the integration among the bamboo handicraft industry, the local institution’s role, the entrepreneurship spirit and the work ethic of the craftsmen group through the entrepreneurial skills development and social entrepreneurship culture are able to be a virtuous circle or the virtue circle to cut the poverty problem, more independent and sustainable, from the original still powerless to be powerful. The strengthening of empowerment model supported by the strength of human capital, social capital, and also citizens participate actively, were increasingly able to produce a form of community empowerment model. Furthermore, the empowerment model is more strongly built through six pillars namely; industrial structure, entrepreneurship spirit, human capital and social capital factors, local institution, infrastructure and conductive environment. All sub-systems in each of these pillars are interconnected in a system namely community empowerment system model through the development of an entrepreneurial culture to alleviate unemployment and poverty. 
 Keywords : Empowerment Model, Enterpreneur Culture, Unemployment and Poverty

This research is done to know community empowerment process, supporting and handicap factors, a micro scale credit on enhancing community welfare, done by Micro Finance Institution (LKM) Baitul Mal Wa’tamil. The research location is ditermined purposively, in Sukajaya Village, Cadasari Underdistrict, Pandeglang Regency. The research type is qualitative-descriptive with participative approach. Research subjects are LKM care takers and beneficiaries, an escort, four advisors from related institution, and group coordinator. Data are gathered trough interview, observation, focus group discussion, and documentary analysis techniques, and analyzed through qualitative-descriptive technique. The research finding shows that community empowerment is implemented on the right target, through preparation and implementation as agreed. Community empowerment of he beneficiaries seen in the increment of income through business group (Kube) and productive-economy activities (UEP). The supporting factor are the spirit, dicipline, and motivation of the beneficiaries to enhance family economy. The handicap factor is there has not been yet a venture with finance institution, sort of banking in capitalization. It is recommended that the Ministry of Social Affairs, through General Directory of Social Assistance, implement empowerment program for micro scale business and revitalize local non-government organization (LSM) as an escort and a spear tip of poverty solution.

Abstract
 The research aimed to test the 2015 Integrated Data Base (IDB) reliability as a source in selecting poverty alleviation program’s target and to develop community's empowerment model. The research conducted in 12 Kelurahan in Palembang City and 2 villages in Ogan-Komering-Ilir Regency from February 2017 to November 2018. Two-hundred-and-fifty-six participants were systematically selected from the 2015 IDB list. The data collected through FGD, interviews and participatory observation. The data analyzed and interpreted based on the input-process-output approach. The research used three stages i.e. problem formulation, system’s components identification, and empowerment model development. The research showed the use of the 2015 IDB resulted in 44.53% right-on-target within range 14.29 to 73.68% per kelurahan/village. The replacement of the targeted participant tended not in the 2015 IDB list. The unfamiliarity of Head of RT to the 2015 IDB suspected as the cause. The replacement was caused by: had moved to another location (91.74%), already work (4.13%), impaired health (3.30%) and died (1%). The participant with different education level had an equal chance to accept empowerment program. The influence of the community’s leader was an important factor in the empowerment program. The reliability of the 2015 IDB depended on the ability of program manager in diminishing of identity politics at the location. To increase the responsiveness, the community's assets also need to be developed alongside individual assets. The empowerment program is indeed an iterative process rather than linear, the program manager should aware of the constant changing of the participant needs.
 
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