Abstract
Hyaluronic acid, as a natural linear polysaccharide, has attracted researchers’ attention from its initial detection and isolation from tissues in 1934 until the present day. Due to biocompatibility and a high biodegradation of hyaluronic acid, it finds wide application in bioengineering and biomedicine: from biorevitalizing skin cosmetics and endoprostheses of joint fluid to polymeric scaffolds and wound dressings. However, the main properties of aqueous polysaccharide solutions with different molecular weights are different. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of hyaluronic acid-based preparations directly depends on the molecular weight of the biopolymer. The present review collects the information about relations between the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid and its original properties. Particular emphasis is placed on the structural, physical and physico-chemical properties of hyaluronic acid in water solutions, as well as their degradability.
Highlights
Hyaluronic acid (HA), as a member of hyaluronan family, was first discovered by K
Polymer chains with high molecular weight acid start toacid entangle other,each resulting the formation of a taught structure hyaluronic start toeach entangle other,in resulting in the formation ofthree-dimensional a taught three-dimensional that holdsthat itselfholds as a complete, especially when it is impacted byisexternal action
It has been shown that high molecular weight HA has anti-inflammatory properties, and its rheological characteristics determine its use as a synovial fluid prosthesis in the treatment of various joint diseases, in cosmetology, and in aesthetic medicine as dermal fillers and in ophthalmology as artificial tears [6,109]
Summary
Hyaluronic acid (HA), as a member of hyaluronan family, was first discovered by K. Hyaluronic acid from rooster comb contains 23.0 EU endotoxin and 1.0 μg protein per 1 mg of polymer [16]. Bacterial technology makes it possible to obtain high-purity hyaluronic acid with low protein and endotoxin levels [15]. Hyaluronic acid from animal materials has a very high molecular weight (up to 20,000 kDa). High molecular weight hyaluronic acid (>500 kDa) has anti-angiogenic activity, and can function as a space filler and a natural immunologic depressant [21]. The mechanisms of interaction of hyaluronic acid of various molecular weights with receptors on the cell surface are currently being actively studied. Polymers 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW structure, viscosity, density, surface tension, cohesive/adhesive, hydrodynamic and degradable properties of hyaluronic acid
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