Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring poly-anionic biomacro-molecular polysaccharide, discovered in bovine vitreous humor in 1934. Commercially HA is isolated either from animal sources, within the synovial fluid, umbilical cord, skin, and rooster comb, or from bacteria through a process of fermentation or direct isolation. Chemically, HA is composed of uronic acid and aminosugar. The disaccharides, D-glucuronic acid and d-N-acetylglucosamine, are linked together through alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds. The average molecular weight of HA in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and HA purified from the human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da. The enzymatic degradation of the natural polymer- HA is catalyzed by hyaluronidase (hyase), ß-d-glucuronidase, and ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Many favorable properties like improved 2viscoelastic characteristics, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, and biodegradability lead HA as a useful polymeric excipient in various pharmaceutical applications, including drug delivery. The application has been extensively studied in parenteral, ophthalmic, nasal, and implantation drug delivery system.

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