Hustling, Hassling, and Performing Compliance: Waiting for Homeless Housing in Los Angeles

“City” could be viewed as an integration of various service systems with relocated social, economic, and environmental capitals under urbanization. It was evidential in Hsinchu City, Taiwan, where once the biggest market, Dongmen Market (DMM), declined because the replacement of urban consumption patterns along with the setup of high tech science park bringing new residences. This research took the perspectives of Service-Dominant Logic (S-DL) and Actor Network Theory (ANT) to study the development of new service systems and how they were sustained through the revitalization by a two-year ethnographic study. We explain how stakeholders propose and receive value within and among service systems. A unique actor called obligatory passage point (OPP) was formed in the translation phases of actor networks, delivering the co-created value by stakeholders with different interests. Four identified OPPs indicated that their “evolution process” drove the revitalization of DMM toward a sustainable service system. A framework of open innovation practice was formulated as iterative cycles with four phases: (1) actor interacting; (2) value co-creating; (3) relationship modeling; and (4) OPP transforming, which operationalized the OPP evolution from its destruction to construction. The application of the OPP evolution process to revitalizing urban service systems contributes to practitioners in social innovation to sustain urban service systems in addition to the theoretical formation of OPP evolution.

Researches on service systems have been conducted for more than a decade, resulting in concepts and knowledge of the service system. These lead to the intention of the organizations to create a service system that is able to provide service value. As the service sector grows, the organizations are required to be able to develop such a service system that gives benefits to the organizations and has an impact on performance improvement. Therefore, the organizations need a practical understanding of building service systems in the real world. This paper proposes a comprehensive and systematic framework for service systems engineering that can help organizations in developing and building the service systems. The framework elaborates two major engineering methodologies, which are service engineering and systems engineering methodology. This framework was developed through the application of systems engineering life cycle and principles into the service engineering. The result of this study can provide systematic guidance in building service systems.

High academic interest and numerous theoretical and practical studies on service systems and service ecosystems, paired with the accelerated evolution of the service (eco) system concept, have resulted in complex research in this field. Multiple perspectives from which service systems were studied added to this complexity and inadvertently produced conceptual confusion regarding service (eco) systems. This literature review addresses this confusion by focusing on the evolution of service systems to service ecosystems to consolidate and clarify the field. Therefore, this article's purpose is to systematise the extant research on service (eco) systems and indicate future research directions based on the analysis. Specifically, the article systematically reviews 770 publications on service (eco) systems from 2020 and earlier and identifies the main research topics (focusing on service [eco] systems’ constituent elements, inherent processes, and outcomes), theoretical perspectives, and bridging elements, and suggests future research based on the review results. The article concludes by providing a foundation for continued research emerging from the analysis, with emphasis on five aspects that may stimulate new avenues of research: service ecospheres, service ecosystem simplicity, failures of service ecosystems, paradox in service ecosystems, and panarchy and service ecosystems.

This paper presents a metamodel that addresses service system analysis and design based on an operational view of service that traverses and integrates three essential layers: service activities, service systems, and value constellations. The metamodel's service-in-operation perspective and underlying premises diverge from a view of service systems as systems of economic exchange that has appeared a number of times in the journal Service Science. In addition to the metamodel itself, this paper's contributions include an explanation of eight premises on which it is based plus clarifications concerning concepts such as service, service system, customer, product/service, coproduction and cocreation of value, actor role, resources, symmetrical treatment of automated and nonautomated service systems, and the relationship between service-dominant logic and service systems. Many articles have discussed these topics individually; few, if any, have tied them together using an integrated metamodel.

Networked services are considered. A networked service is offered by a service system consisting of components, which by their interworkings provide a service in the role of a service provider to users. An adaptable service system is a service system that is able to adapt to changes brought about by users, nodes, capabilities, system performance, and service functionalities. A capability is defined as an inherent property of a node, which is used as a basis to implement a service. This thesis focuses on adaptability aspects related to nodes and capabilities.A service framework is a system for the specification, management, and execution of adaptable service systems. Functionalities of the service framework enable various adaptability types, as follows: capability-related adaptation, functionality-related adaptation, and context-related adaptation. The capability-related adaptation is considered in this thesis. Capability-related adaptation is related to the shortage of capabilities with appropriate logical functionality or the overload or failure of capabilities leading to reduced system performance.This thesis presents a service framework for capability-related adaptation. This service framework consists of a computing architecture, concepts, ontologies, service component models, mechanisms, system architectures, and service execution platforms. The service framework presented is related to TAPAS (Telematics Architecture for Play-based Adaptable Service Systems). The TAPAS concepts and architectures that existed at the beginning of this Ph.D. study are the foundation of this thesis. On the other hand, the research work presented in this thesis has contributed to new TAPAS concepts, ontologies, service component models, mechanisms, system architectures, and service execution platforms.The service framework is classified into six contibutions (C1-C6) as follows:C1: Ontology-based computing architectureC2: Ontologies, models, and representationsC3: Policy-based reasoningC4: Autonomic-based modelC5: Capability-related adaptation functionality realisationC6: Service execution platforms, prototypes, and simulationsOntology-based computing architecture is an architectural framework for the specification and execution of adaptable service systems that provide any service functionality. Ontologies, models, and representations are applied for the formalisation and representation of the necessary concepts; these are also the basis for the formal definition of the requirements of the capabilities and service component specifications, i.e., the policy and goal specifications. Policy-based reasoning is a support functionality that takes adaptation actions based on flexible and expressive behavioural specifications. The Autonomic-based model is composed of the specification and learning mechanism of the Autonomic Elements that make up an autonomic service system, which is a specialised version of adaptable service systems. Capability-related adaptation functionality realisation defines specific functionalities, interworkings, and structural organisation of the service components that implement the functionalities required for capability-related adaptation. Finally, service execution platforms, prototypes, and simulations provide the validation and evaluation of the remaining contributions

This chapter highlights the modern need for transformative collaboration to tackle complex service system problems, and explores how service design can purposefully embed transformative collaboration in these service systems. Globalization and the evolution of technology have led to service systems that are increasingly interconnected and complex. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for collaboration to deal with the challenges of creating sustainable and resilient service systems amid this increasing complexity, and the need to design service systems to foster transformative collaboration, so that all participants can contribute at their full human potential. Building on a human-centered, participatory, and transformative approach, this chapter explores how service design can be a cornerstone of the creation of transformative collaboration service systems. A human-centered, participatory service design approach can embed transformative collaboration in both the process of cocreating new service systems and in the future service systems being designed so that all actors are enabled to contribute to the new service systems. An action-oriented, transformative service design approach can also leverage these service systems as platforms for ongoing and lasting change toward transformative collaboration. Three cases illustrate how service design can purposefully embed transformative collaboration in large, complex service systems in government, industrial, and transnational collaborative contexts. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) case shows how service design promoted transformative collaboration along the EHR design process and enabled the design of the EHR to foster collaboration among healthcare actors. The IKEA case illustrates how this multinational company, known for good design for the many (“Democratic Design”), has used service platforms to facilitate collaborative service design. The ServCollab case illustrates how this worldwide effort focuses on enabling collaborative solutions to profound human service system problems by training others in participatory design for large-scale service research projects, fostering best practices for designing collaborative teams, and serving as a clearinghouse for collaborative service research resources.

An Intentional Approach to the Engineering of Knowledge-intensive Service Systems

The objective of this paper is to review recent developments in service theory and systems theory with a view to identifying common features between the two. In particular, the study explores the issue of whether so-called ‘smart service systems’ can be understood in terms of the ‘viable systems approach’ of systems theory. The paper begins with a review of recent developments in service theory by examining the fundamental principles of service-dominant logic (S-D logic) and service science (SS). The similarities and differences of the two are explored, with particular emphasis on the common feature of the service system. The study then moves to the realm of systems theory by exploring the main proposals of the viable systems approach (VSA), which is an interdisciplinary systems theory that includes elements derived from resource-based theory, biology, sociology, and mechanics. The paper then draws together service theory and systems theory by examining whether ‘smart service systems’ can be best understood in terms of ‘viable service systems.’ The most important finding of the study is that the VSA provides valuable insights into the design and management of smart service systems, especially with regard to harmonisation, systems governance, and successful value co-creation processes. [Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962 (print), ISSN 2164-3970 (online), was published by Services Science Global (SSG) from 2009 to 2011 as issues under ISBN 978-1-4276-2090-3.]

Toward 2025: Promoting Valued Outcomes for People With IDD Through National Goals 2015

Service Systems Engineering Applications

In this article, we study the design and innovation of smarter service systems considering the deep integration of real service systems and virtual service elements. Specifically, we consider the perspective of life-cycle service system design and innovation that must consider the “social space” factors, such as stakeholders’ behaviors, which increases the complexity of service cyber–physical–social systems (CPSSs). We propose a new methodology framework, the semiparallel service system (SPSS) framework, following the CPSS architecture and artificial societies, computational experiments, and parallel execution (ACP) methodologies emerging in complex system modeling. We design two decomposition-then-aggregation loops to reduce the complexity of service systems innovation. In the first loop, we expand the Vee model of systems engineering to the N model to show how to develop an innovative service system step by step. In the second loop, the SPSS, in which the hybrid service system is parallel with the real service system, maintains the continuous innovations of the system. Following our framework, we can design prototypes, perform experiments, and run the hybrid service system. We use two cases, an Internet hospital platform design and a new service design in a customs bonded warehouse, to demonstrate the advantages and potential of our proposed methodology. Finally, we discuss the future research challenges and directions.

Over the past 50 years, the service sector has grown in most advanced industrialized economies to be the dominant economic activity. Researchers are working to understand service activities and define scientific concepts and methods of service under an emerging research area called service science. Service is defined as the application of competence and knowledge to create value. Value is realized through interactions and cocreation among service systems. Service systems vary in scope (from individuals to businesses, organizations, governments, and nations) and adapt dynamically and connect to other service systems through value propositions. The service system has been proposed as an abstraction for service science, and yet it is not clear how to characterize a given organization as a service system. In this article, we present a review of literature on service system concepts and define a service system framework developed from the literature that can be used to characterize an organization as a service system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

To present a conceptual definition of a family-centered system of services for children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN). Previous work by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau to define CYSHCN has had widespread program effects. This article similarly seeks to provide a definition of a system of services. Comprehensive literature review of systems of services and consensus panel organized to review and refine the definition. Policy research group and advisors at multiple sites. Policy researchers, content experts on CYSHCN, family representatives, and state program directors. Definition of a system of services for CYSHCN. This article defines a system of services for CYSHCN as a family-centered network of community-based services designed to promote the healthy development and well-being of these children and their families. The definition can guide discussion among policy makers, practitioners, state programs, researchers, and families for implementing the "community-based systems of services" contained in Title V of the Social Security Act. Critical characteristics of a system include coordination of child and family services, effective communication among providers and the family, family partnership in care provision, and flexibility. This definition provides a conceptual model that can help measurement development and assessment of how well systems work and achieve their goals. Currently available performance objectives for the provision of care for CYSHCN and national surveys of child health could be modified to assess systems of services in general.

In service systems, variability is encountered in many components, interfaces, and entities interacting with the system. There could be variations in service system performance across different usage situations and conditions. There could be operator-introduced variations in operating the system, and there could be customer- introduced variability in service operations. Since the specific usage of the service system and the usage conditions can vary, the resultant variations in service performance can impact consumer preferences for and satisfaction with the service system. While some variability has a negative impact on customers, other kinds of variations may be preferred by customers. In designing service systems, one has to understand the sources and types of variability. Any service system that is designed should be robust to these variations - both in system performances and consumer preferences and satisfaction. Achieving the robustness criteria, however, implies consideration of a large number of design criteria across multiple functions - both system design and customer-facing functions. In this paper, we present the factors that need to be considered in service system design which encounter variations not only in usage, but also in operator and customer skill levels, perception of system complexity, preference and satisfaction. We identify the research issues involved and present a general framework to tackle such service system design problems.

Service Systems and Service Innovation: Two Pillars of Service Science