Human olfactory bulb morphometry and olfactory sulcus depth measurement in normosmia.

Evidence for impaired olfactory function and structural brain integrity in a disorder of ciliary function, Usher syndrome

The Association Between Depth of the Olfactory Sulcus, Age, Gender and Olfactory Function: An MRI-based Investigation in More Than 1000 Participants

Peripheral and central smell regions in children with epilepsy: An MRI evaluation

In the present study, we investigated olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth of the psychotic patients (predominantly schizophrenia) and patients with anxiety disorder/depression. This study was conducted retrospectively. Group 1 consisted of 30 psychotic patients (predominantly schizophrenia) (19 males and 11 females). Group 2 consisted of 37 patients with anxiety disorder/depression (10 males, 27 females). Group 3 consisted of 30 non-psychotic and non-anxiety disorder/depression subjects (9 males and 21 females). OB volume and OS depth measurements were performed on Cranial MRI. OB volume (right and left) of the psychotic; and anxiety disorder/depression groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (padjusted < 0.0175). OS depth (Left) value of anxiety disorder/depression group was significantly lower than those of the control group (padjusted < 0.0175). In psychotic and anxiety disorder/depression groups, left OS depth values were significantly lower than those of the right side (p < 0.05). In each of the males and females of the anxiety disorder/depression group, left OS depth values were significantly lower than those of the right side (p < 0.05). In psychotic group, OS depth (left) values get lower in older patients (p < 0.05). Decreased OB volume in the psychotic patients and decreased OB volume and OS depth in anxiety disorder/depression patients were detected. Lower OB volume and OS depth are related to the olfactory loss/or olfactory impairment. Physicians should be aware of the olfactory deficits in psychotic patients (mainly schizophrenia) and patients with anxiety disorder/depression. When reduced OB volume is detected on MRI, psychosis, schizophrenia or depression should also be kept in mind and the patients should be evaluated in detail for these diseases.

To analyze the correlation between olfactory bulb (OB) volume with depth of olfactory sulcus (OS) and olfactory function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). One hundred patients with IPD between January 2011 to December 2013 in Tianjin Huanhu Hospotal were compared with one hundred controls in terms of olfactory function T&T testing, OB volume and depth of OS assessed with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One hundred IPD patients were investigated and estimated H-Y degrees, UPDRS, MMSE, MoCA. SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data. T&T olfactory testing revealed that IPD patients (3.0 ± 0.3) had higher scores than controls (1.3 ± 0.2, t = 2.537, P < 0.01). Both men and women with IPD were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss (t = 0.893, P > 0.05). Both men and women as controls were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss(t = 1.184, P > 0.05). OB volume of left side in IPD patients was (34.25 ± 5.14) mm(3), right side was (35.79 ± 5.28)mm(3), average OB volume was (35.28 ± 5.21) mm(3); OB volume of left side in controls was (47.38 ± 6.47) mm(3), right side was (47.75 ± 6.51) mm(3), average OB volume was (47.53 ± 6.49) mm(3); OB volume were lower in IPD patients as compared to controls (t value were 2.876, 2.747, 2.798, all P < 0.01). OS depth study revealed no statistical difference between IPD patients and controls (t value were 0.914, 0.987, 0.951, all P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with average OB volume in IPD patients and controls (r value were -0.537,-0.526, both P < 0.05); was no correlated with average depth of OS (r value were -0.142, -0.157, both P > 0.05). There was relation between the average OB volume and UPDRS III, UPDRS, the degree of H-Y in IPD patients (r value were 0.312, -0.419, -0.358, all P < 0.05). However the average OB volume was not related to the course of disease (r = -0.089, P > 0.05). The OB volume is lower in IPD patients as compared to controls, the depth of OS have no significant changes in IPD patients; The OB volume is correlated with olfactory function, the depth of OS is not correlated with olfactory function; Olfactory function lower degree is accordance with serious degree in IPD patients, is not accordance with the course of disease.

To analyze the correlation between olfactory bulb (OB) volume, depth of olfactory sulcus (OS) and olfactory function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Fifty patients with MCI were compared with fifty controls in terms of olfactory function T&T testing, OB volume and depth of OS assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data. T&T olfactory testing revealed that MCI patients had higher scores than controls (t = 3.142, P < 0.05). Both men and women with MCI were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss(t = 0.973, P > 0.05). Both men and women as controls were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss (t = 1.092, P > 0.05).OB volume of left side in MCI patients was (36.35 ± 4.09) mm(3), right side was (36.57 ± 4.13) mm(3), average OB volume was (36.47 ± 4.12) mm3; OB volume of left side in controls was (46.65 ± 6.23) mm(3), right side was (46.83 ± 6.27) mm(3), average OB volume was (46.71 ± 6.25)mm(3); OB volumes were lower in MCI patients as compared with controls (t value was 3.113, 3.145 and 3.132, all P < 0.01).OS depth study revealed no statistical different between MCI patients and controls (t value was 0.876,0.952 and 0.904, all P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with OB volume in MCI patients and controls (r value was -0.643, -0.541, both P < 0.05); was no correlated with depth of OS (r value was -0.167 and -0.183, both P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with cognitive impairment degree in MCI patients (r value was -0.427, -0.418 and -0.399, all P < 0.05), average OB volume was positively correlated with cognitive impairment degree in MCI patients (r value was 0.364, 0.383 and 0.379, all P < 0.05). The OB volumes are lower in MCI patients as compared with controls, the depth of OS show no significant changes in MCI patients. The OB volume is correlated with olfactory function, the depth of OS is not correlated with olfactory function. Cognitive impairment degree in MCI patients is accordance with olfactory function lower degree. The olfactory loss may be a earlier period and objective diagnosis indicator for MCI patients.

The relationship between olfactory function, rhinencephalon and forebrain changes in Kallmann syndrome (KS) have not been adequately investigated. We evaluated a large cohort of male KS patients using Sniffin' Sticks and MRI in order to study olfactory bulb (OB) volume, olfactory sulcus (OS) depth, cortical thickness close to the OS, and olfactory phenotype. Olfaction was assessed administering Sniffin' Sticks®, in 38 KS patients and 17 controls (by means of Screening 12 test®). All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study OB volume, sulcus depth, and cortical thickness. Compared to controls, KS patients showed smaller OB volume (p<0.0001), reduced sulcus depth (p<0.0001), and thicker cortex in the region close to the OS (p<0.0001). Anosmic KS patients had smaller OB than controls and hyposmic KS patients; there was no difference between hyposmic KS patients and controls. OB volume correlated with Sniffin' Sticks score (r = 0.64; p < 0.001), OS depth (p<0.0001) and, inversely, with cortical thickness changes (p<0.0001). Sniffin' Sticks showed an inverse correlation with cortical thickness (r = -0.5; p<0.0001) and a trend toward a statistically significant correlation with OS depth. The present study provides further evidence of the strict relationship between olfaction and OB volume. The strong correlation between OB volume and the overlying cortical changes highlights the key role of rhinencephalon in forebrain embryogenesis.

To analyze the correlation between olfactory bulb (OB) volume with depth of olfactory sulcus (OS) and olfactory function in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). Fifty patients with iRBD and fifty controls were assessed with polysomnography (PSG). The results of olfactory function T & T testing, OB volume and depth of OS assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared. SPSS 11.0 software was used to analyze the data. T & T olfactory testing revealed that iRBD patients had higher scores (3.1 ± 0.5) than those in controls (0.6 ± 0.1), and the difference was significant (t = 7.913, P < 0.05). Both men and women with iRBD were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss (t = 1.015, P > 0.05). OB volume of left side in iRBD patients was (33.75 ± 4.11) mm(3), right side was (34.57 ± 4.21) mm(3), average OB volume was (33.94 ± 4.15) mm(3); OB volume of left side in controls was (51.68 ± 7.71) mm(3), right side was (52.31 ± 7.77) mm(3), average OB volume was (51.94 ± 7.74) mm(3); OB volume were lower in iRBD patients as compared to controls (t value were 9.013, 8.889 and 8.923, all P < 0.01). OS depth study revealed no statistical difference between iRBD patients and controls (t value were 0.923, 0.897 and 0.904, all P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with OB volume in iRBD patients (r = -0.61, P < 0.05), but no correlated with depth of OS (r = -0.24, P > 0.05). The OB volume was lower in iRBD patients as compared to controls. The depth of OS showed no significant changes in iRBD patients. The OB volume was correlated with olfactory function, while the depth of OS was no correlated with olfactory function.

OBJECTIVES. We investigated peripheral smell regions in patients with central vertigo by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this study, 137 adult patients were included by selecting cranial MRI images from the hospital’s PACS system, covering both recent and past records. The first group included 68 adult patients suffering from central vertigo, and the control group (Group 2) 69 healthy individuals, who had no central vertigo. Measurements of olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth were taken from all groups. RESULTS. The study found that the OB volume of the group with central vertigo was significantly lower compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the OS depth between the two groups (p&gt;0.05). In both groups, there were no significant variations in OB volume between the right and left sides (p&gt;0.05). Additionally, both the central vertigo group and the control group showed that the left OS depth was lower than the right side (p&lt;0.05). Positive correlation was seen between OB volume and OS depth on both left and right sides as well as bilateral OB volume and OS depth in the central vertigo group. However, there were no significant correlations between OB volume, OS depth and age and gender in the central vertigo group. CONCLUSION. We concluded that OB volume got lower in patients with central vertigo. However, there were no side differences between OB volumes. As central vertigo secondary to cerebral ishchemia causes olfactory disorders, measures should be taken to prevent central vascular problems. From another perspective, olfactory problems may be one of the initial signs of central vascular problems and central vertigo.

Peripheric smell regions in patients with temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies: An MRI evaluation

Peripheric smell regions in patients with semicircular canal dehiscence: An MRI evaluation

Associations of olfactory bulb and depth of olfactory sulcus with basal ganglia and hippocampus in patients with Parkinson’s disease

We investigated olfactory bulb (OB) volumes and olfactory sulcus (OS) depths in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this retrospective study, cranial magnetic resonance images of 68 adult patients were included. Group 1 consisted of 34 adult patients with RA. The control group (group 2) consisted of 34 adult patients without RA. In both groups, peripheral odor pathways (OB volumes and OS depths) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Our results showed that the OB volumes of the RA group were significantly lower than those in the control group bilaterally (P < 0.05). In each of the RA and control groups, the OS depth of the right side was found to be significantly higher than those on the left side (P < 0.05). On the left side, OS depth values of RA patients who used biological agents were significantly higher than those RA patients who did not use biological agents (P < 0.05). Correlation tests showed that there were positive correlations between OB volumes and OS depths bilaterally. In older patients with RA, bilateral OS depth values were decreased (P < 0.05). Our study has shown that the peripheral olfactory pathways in patients with RA can be affected to a degree that is reflected in anatomical measurements. The use of biological agents contributes to the protection of odor functions to a certain extent. The importance of evaluating the sense of smell in patients with RA clinically and radiologically should be emphasized.

Background:Although some studies have shown decreases in the olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory function in depressive disorder, there are no studies investigating OB volume in patients with panic disorder.Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a change in OB volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth in patients with panic and depressive disorder when compared with the control group, and which group was more affected by comparing the two disease groups.Methods:Data of 51 patients with panic disorder and 56 patients with depressive disorder were obtained by scanning the database of the hospital retrospectively. The control group consisted of 56 subjects without panic and depressive disorder. OB volume and OS depth measurements were performed on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results:Bilateral OB volume of the panic and depressive disorder groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. The lowest volume was found in depressive patients. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to OS measurements. When OB volume and OS depth differences between the genders were evaluated, a statistically significant difference was not determined.Conclusion:Reduced OB volume was determined in both panic and depressive disorder patients, and clarification of these preliminary findings may contribute to the pathophysiology of panic and depressive disorders.

Nonsyndromic orofacial clefting is one of the most frequently occurring congenital conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and nature of reduced olfactory function in patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate (NSCL/P) and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Olfactory function was tested using the Sniffin' Sticks identification test in patients with NSCL/P, in their unaffected relatives, and in control subjects. MR imaging was performed to measure olfactory bulb (OB) volumes and olfactory sulcus (OS) depths. A reduced olfactory function was seen in significantly more patients with NSCL/P (p = .002) than in control subjects, regardless of the cleft type. Strikingly, unaffected relatives of patients with NSCL/P also had a higher rate of hyposmia (p = .001). In hyposmic patients, the OB volumes (left: p = .01 and right: p = .003) and the depth of the left OS (p = .02) were significantly smaller than in controls. In hyposmic relatives, both OS depths (left: p = .02 and right: p = .03) were significantly smaller. Patients with NSCL/P and their unaffected relatives have an increased prevalence of reduced olfactory function, associated with changes in the central olfactory structures.