Abstract
During personal identification we can analyse the phenotypic or genotypic complexions of a human. The ancient histories of scientific activities in this field were related to the descriptive or measurable features, called phenotype analyses. In the last decades of the 20th century, during the era of human genetics, numerous polymorphic genetic markers were discovered investigating the human nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The results of the Human Genome Project revolutionized the applications and opened an era of the investigations for externally visible characteristics (EVCs), the so called DNA based phenotyping (age, hair–, and eye– colour investigations) using informative molecular markers. The polymorphic characteristics of the human eye are well known. This partly originates from the vessel network and the layer order of the retina or the unique construction of the initial section of the optic nerve at the eye-ground. The iris’ individuality resides in its complex textural construction. The iris’ colour and partly its patterns (variations of the Fuchs’ crypts, nevi dots, Wolfflin nodules and contraction furrows) are genetically determined. All of these previously mentioned iris polymorphisms led to the development of a number of automatic phenotypic or genotypic biometric personal identification practical applications. The aim of this study is to briefly summarize the background of this topic condensing those results which are available in this field, and to present our efforts related to a novel approach in the field of iris colour prediction.
Highlights
The wonderful complexity of the human eye, originating from its visible or hidden structure, has affected the thinking of theologians, artists, scientific minds, scholars and believers in the metaphysical world, throughout the centuries
The vessel network and the layer order of the retina or the unique con- struction of the initial section of the optic nerve at the eye-ground are the bases of unique retineal or fundus based automated person identification techniques which use optical coherence tomography. (Fercher et al, 1993: 113–114), (Naseri et al, 2012: 29–33) More- over, the uniqueness of the iris’ single components, and its’ textural variations opened opportunities onto development of independent biometric techniques
After completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP)8 scientists selected those candidate genes which may play a key role in the inheritance of human eye colour? These efforts made it possible to predict eye colour from any biological sample of a person. (Kayser et al, 2011) The aim of this study is to briefly summarize the background of this topic condensing those results which are available in this field, and present our efforts concerning a novel approach in the field of iris colour prediction
Summary
The wonderful complexity of the human eye, originating from its visible or hidden structure, has affected the thinking of theologians, artists, scientific minds, scholars and believers in the metaphysical world, throughout the centuries. 19:3, 1768: 29) At the beginning of the nineteenth century, William Paley (1743–1805), a theolo- gian, in his fundamental work (Paley, 1802), called the eye an inexplicably complex “device” of human vision, which in itself is a proof of a “Creator”; in his view the proof of the existence of the creator God. Even in the world–famous work of Charles Darwin, which is known to be a scientific historical milestone, certain elements of self–criticism were found concerning the reliability of the theory of evolution, in which, because of the complexity of the human eye, he had doubts in its possible evolution by natural selection. (Kayser et al, 2011) The aim of this study is to briefly summarize the background of this topic condensing those results which are available in this field, and present our efforts concerning a novel approach in the field of iris colour prediction. After completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP) scientists selected those candidate genes which may play a key role in the inheritance of human eye colour? These efforts made it possible to predict eye colour from any biological sample of a person. (Kayser et al, 2011) The aim of this study is to briefly summarize the background of this topic condensing those results which are available in this field, and present our efforts concerning a novel approach in the field of iris colour prediction.
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