Human–AI collaboration and cognitive flexibility in industry 6.0: a framework for purposeful decision-making in innovation and project management

The close bond between the management of projects and innovation was well understood in the 1950s when pioneering organizations created new structures, techniques, and processes to manage complex and highly uncertain research and development projects in technologically advanced weapons and defence-related industries. Over subsequent decades, there have been some points of convergence when researchers investigated the nexus of innovation and project management, such as Japanese product development practices in the 1980s. But in the main, the literatures on project and innovation management followed distinct, largely self-contained trajectories of theoretical, professional, and practical development. In recent years, however, there has been a strong convergence and cross-fertilization of ideas between innovation and project management. A new wave of research is investigating the different ways in which organizations use projects to manage the uncertainties associated with innovation processes and outcomes.

This article is devoted to the study of the possibilities for the application of foreign experiencein the development of project and innovation management at the enterprises of the defense industryof the Republic of Kazakhstan (DI RK). For this purpose, a study was conducted on the experience ofimplementing project activities in various countries and identifying features. Given the fact that in thedevelopment of innovation and project management, some countries have advanced far ahead, it seemsuseful to study their experience in implementing effective management systems in the country’s defenseindustry enterprises. Military power and competitiveness are taken as a criterion to identify the countrieson which to focus for the study and application of their experience. The current state and developmenttrends of the defense industrial complex of other countries, as well as the experience of internationalcompanies in the implementation of innovation and project activities, have been studied. The study useddata from international organizations, country statistics, global indices and ratings. Among the scientificliterature studied the works of foreign and domestic authors on related topics. The study showed that theimplementation of project activities in different countries occurs at different speeds. As the experience ofother countries has shown, the increase in the amount of funding, in itself, does not ensure the country’smilitary competitiveness. The development of the military sector depends on many factors, in addition tothe amount of funding, among which innovativeness of projects, people’s competence, development ofmanagement systems and others are especially important. The practical significance of this work lies inthe fact that the findings and proposed recommendations can be useful in the recently initiated processesof introducing innovative and project management in the Ministry of Defense and Aerospace Industry,in general, and in defense enterprises, in particular.

Project governance theory is increasingly wide attention of theoretical and practical circles. The research emphasize the governance relationships between project stakeholders is critical to the success of the project, the relationship risk control as the core of project governance. However, existing research does not form the general theory and methods of relationship risk analysis that can be applied to different projects with different characteristics, and also did not put forward a unified strategy choice theory and method on how to reduce risk. Seeking a new theory and method to analysis and disposal project stakeholders' relationship risk is of great significance. This article uses Social Network Analysis method constructs whole project stakeholders' relationship risk analysis process, which contains: the construction of project governance network model, the measurement of relationship risk and the selection of strategy.

This study investigated the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between university students’ attitudes toward violence against women and their cognitive flexibility levels. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 655 students studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences and Vocational School of Health Services of a university in the Eastern Anatolia region of Türkiye between January 1–20, 2025. The ISKEBE Attitude Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS) were used for data collection. It was determined that 52.4% of the students were undergraduate students and 71.6% were female. It was determined that the total score of ISKEBE was 125.18 (24.07), the total score of CFS was 53.89 (8.18), and the total score of GSS was 60.74 (10.98). While there was a positive and very weakly significant relationship between the mean total score of the students’ ISKEBE and the mean total score of the students’ CFS (r = 0.160; p < 0.001), there was a positive and very weakly significant relationship between the mean total score of the students’ GSS (r = 0.133; p < 0.001). It was determined that self-efficacy had a mediating role in the effect of cognitive flexibility on attitudes toward violence against women (R2 = 0.0887; p < 0.001). It was found that students had negative attitudes (i.e., rejecting violence against women) and high levels of cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy. As the cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels of the students increased, it was found that they exhibited negative attitudes (i.e., rejecting violence against women). It may be recommended to develop and implement training programs to improve students’ cognitive flexibility levels and feelings of self-efficacy, and to conduct awareness studies on violence against women.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مستوى كل من الالتزام الصحي والمرونة المعرفية لدى عينة الراشدين وكبار السن من أفراد المجتمع الكويتي، والكشف عن الفروق في مستوى كل من الالتزام الصحي والمرونة المعرفية وفقاً لمتغيرات (الجنس- الجنسية- العمر- المستوى التعليمي)، وكذلك التعرف على العلاقة بين الالتزام الصحي وبين المرونة المعرفية. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة، قام الباحثان بإعداد أداتين: مقياس الالتزام الصحي، ومقياس المرونة المعرفية، واستخراج دلالات صدقهما وثباتهما. تكونت العينة من (198) فرداً من المجتمع الكويتي. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة إن مستوى الالتزام الصحي لدى أفراد المجتمع الكويتي مرتفع، ولا توجد فروق إحصائية ذات دلالة معنوية في مستوى الالتزام الصحي وفقاً لمتغيرات الجنس، والجنسية، والمستوى التعليمي، بينما توجد فروق إحصائية ذات دلالة معنوية في مستوى الالتزام الصحي وفقاً لمتغير العمر ولصالح الفئة العمرية (40-50) سنة. كما أشارت النتائج بإن مستوى المرونة المعرفية لدى أفراد المجتمع الكويتي مرتفعة، وتوجد فروق إحصائية ذات دلالة معنوية في مستوى المرونة المعرفية، وفقاً لمتغير الجنس ولصالح الإناث، ووفقاً لمتغير العمر ولصالح الفئة العمرية (40-49) سنة، بينما لا توجد فروق إحصائية ذات دلالة معنوية في مستوى المرونة المعرفية وفقاً لمتغيري الجنسية والمستوى التعليمي. وأشارت النتائج أيضًا إلى وجود علاقة ارتباط عالية وموجبة بين الالتزام الصحي وبين المرونة المعرفية.

PurposeThe fusion of human intelligence with artificial intelligence is a promising approach for addressing complex challenges, giving rise to the concept of hybrid intelligence. However, principles for guiding the design and management of hybrid intelligence are lacking. This study addresses this gap by exploring the key characteristics of job positions necessary for effective hybrid intelligence. Drawing upon the job characteristic theory (JCT), we identify key job features relevant to hybrid intelligence work, elucidating the challenges and considerations inherent in this domain.Design/methodology/approachThe study conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with middle-level managers from ten service companies in China, exploring their experiences with human–AI collaboration within their organisations. The analysis employed both inductive and deductive methods. Inductive coding was used to identify emerging themes from the participants’ responses, while the deductive approach ensured that these themes aligned with the research questions and Hackman and Oldham’s JCT.FindingsThe results contribute to our understanding of the job positions required for successful hybrid intelligence implementation, offering both theoretical and practical perspectives on job design and JCT applications in the era of intelligent technologies.Originality/valueOur findings illuminate the critical job characteristics essential for integrating hybrid intelligence into organisational systems, highlighting the evolution of job roles and the implications for effective job design in the intelligent era. These insights inform the ongoing discourse on job design and adaptation in the face of rapidly evolving technological advancements, guiding organisations seeking to harness the full potential of hybrid intelligence.

New product/process development entails technical and managerial complexities, such as coordination among interactions among entities and functions in the supply chain. DSM (Design structure matrix) tools have been successfully used to manage complex projects management tools to simplify the complexity and to offer a visual support to decision making. Nevertheless, the project management community does not seem to have incorporated DSM, which is often perceived by project managers as being “too technical”. To bridge this gap, we perform in this paper a systematic review, which analyzes the publications in the last 10 years about the use of DSM in project, innovation, and product management. The result of this analysis indicates DSM, and its derivations remain an ever-growing tool. Their applications in project management are promising but it is still required to increase the adoption of DSM into the mainstream methods of project management.

The study aimed to examine the pre-service teachers’ cognitive flexibility levels and techno-pedagogical education competencies in terms of several variables and to determine whether there is a relationship between their cognitive flexibility levels and techno-pedagogical education competencies. Determining whether the relationship between the cognitive flexibility and techno-pedagogical content knowledge that was emphasized in theoretical studies exists would contribute to teacher education. Thus, it could be stated that the cognitive flexibility might be included among the factors to enable the development and use of the techno-pedagogical content knowledge. The study was conducted with a total of 616 pre-service teachers and designed by using the exploratory correlational research model. The sample was determined by using convenience sampling methods. “Cognitive Flexibility Scale” and “Techno-pedagogical Education Competency Scale” were used for data collection. The findings demonstrated that the pre-service teachers have a high level of cognitive flexibility and techno-pedagogical education competency. It was also found that the cognitive flexibility scores had a statistically significant difference in terms of all independent variables (gender, type of program, and having a computer and internet access), and the techno-pedagogical education competency scores did not indicate a statistically significant difference in terms of gender and type of program, while they demonstrated a significant difference in terms of having a computer and internet access. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between the pre-service teachers’ cognitive flexibility and techno-pedagogical education competency scores, and a moderately significant relationship was found. It could be concluded that the relationship emphasized in theoretical studies between the cognitive flexibility and techno-pedagogical content knowledge is moderate. Accordingly, the cognitive flexibility could provide the development and use of techno-pedagogical content knowledge which has an important role in teacher education.

The concept paper aims to explore and establish comprehensive strategies for incorporating advanced technological tools and methods into project management practices within Nigeria. This executive summary highlights the paper's primary objectives, theoretical foundations, and expected outcomes, focusing on the transformative potential of technology to improve project efficiency and success rates. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a framework for integrating innovative technologies into project management strategies in Nigeria. It emphasizes the need for modernizing traditional project management approaches to keep pace with global standards and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of project execution. The paper underscores the potential of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), blockchain, and cloud computing to streamline project workflows, improve resource allocation, and facilitate real-time decision-making. Central to the paper is the exploration of various technological innovations and their applications in project management. It examines the impact of AI and ML in predictive analytics for project planning and risk management, blockchain for ensuring transparency and accountability in project transactions, and cloud computing for fostering collaboration and data sharing among project stakeholders. The paper discusses how these technologies can be leveraged to address common project management challenges such as cost overruns, delays, and quality issues. The concept paper delves into theoretical models and frameworks that support the integration of technology into project management. It reviews models like the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) and Agile methodologies, emphasizing how these frameworks can be enhanced with technological tools to optimize project outcomes. The paper also highlights the importance of adopting a flexible and adaptive project management approach to accommodate the rapid evolution of technology. Addressing the practical challenges of implementing innovative project management strategies, the paper identifies issues such as the digital divide, resistance to change, and the need for specialized skills. It proposes solutions including capacity-building initiatives to upskill project managers, fostering a culture of continuous learning, and encouraging public-private partnerships to support technology adoption in project management. The anticipated outcomes of integrating technology into project management include improved project delivery times, enhanced quality of deliverables, increased cost efficiency, and better stakeholder satisfaction. These improvements are expected to contribute to the overall success of projects across various sectors in Nigeria, driving economic growth and development. The paper provides a strategic roadmap for modernizing project management practices through the adoption of advanced technologies. By leveraging these technologies, Nigerian project managers can enhance their capabilities, achieve better project outcomes, and contribute to the nation's socio-economic progress. The paper calls for collaborative efforts from government, industry, and academia to create an enabling environment for technology-driven project management, ensuring sustainable development and long-term success.

This paper investigates the shift to integrated solutions of incumbent telecommunications operators as part of their business transformation to survive the competitive market. It shows how innovation management and project management can reinforce the various practices at the firm level in order to foster growth and improve performance. Innovation management and project management have different roots and initial drives, but in the last years growing research has been undertaken in order to point out the interconnectedness of both approaches. However, just a few researches have demonstrated how innovation and projects interact and are implemented in practice. Integrated solutions offer such an arena for interaction, and a case study of BT Global Services (BTGS) is used in order to show the interdependencies of innovation and projects. Incumbent telecommunications operators such as BT in the UK need to innovate in order to cope with ever increasing competition in the ICT sector. Driven by a strategy of innovation, BT set up BTGS to deliver integrated solutions projects to large firms. These projects offer in turn a unique position for BT to profit from tacit knowledge about customer needs and wants, innovating for the customers and feeding back to BT’s innovation strategy. This facilitates BT’s long-term strategy in a very competitive and turbulent environment. A theoretical framework, based on a combination of innovation and project management processes, is used to approach the case study of BTGS, and an empirical, more realistic and accurate, framework is offered with the aim of better informing managerial practice.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the cognitive flexibility and cognitive control levels of equal weight and numerical group students who will take the university exam in stressful situations and to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of cognitive control and cognitive flexibility levels Dec In the study, descriptive survey model was used as one of the quantitative research patterns. The universe of the study was studied in Izmit, Kocaeli Province, 12. the class consists of students. A total of 126 students, 79 of whom were female and 47 of whom were male, participated in the study. The participants of the study were reached by means of easily accessible case sampling method. In the study, SPSS 20 program was used for data analysis. After the descriptive analysis of the participants was performed as statistical methods, t-test was applied to test the hypotheses. As a data collection tool, The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire) developed by Demirtas (2019) was used in Stressful Situations. According to the results of the research; there was no significant difference between the levels of cognitive dec and cognitive flexibility in stressful situations of students of the equal weight and numerical group who were going to take the university exam. The results of the research were compared with the literature and various recommendations were made. Keywords: Cognitive Control, Cognitive Flexibility, University Exam, Stress Situations

: In recent decades, organizations have structured its activities around projects. We have become a driven-projects society. The research and practice in project management area have evolved as a response to this. Among other benefits, successful projects allow reducing costs and increasing profits as well as improving quality and customer satisfaction. Innovation is one of the keys to success in organization. However, due to the high level of uncertainty and complexity, the threats identified by innovation in a project day-to-day are real. A large number of project management approaches do not consider the impact that innovations have on projects, contributing to high rate of project failure. In a typical software development environment it is not different. Based on this, the objective of this research in progress is to contribute to project success by proposing an approach to guide project managers and team members about the management of innovative software projects, fostering innovation and avoiding it to be stifled. The research method used in this research is based on the principles of Evidence-Based Software Engineering. During the first research phase, exploratory literature research in the innovation management in software projects was carried out as well as a systematic review of the impact factors in innovative software project management. At this research stage, the necessary elements to construct the initial approach have been identified. The results of this research contribute to the project management field, defining an approach to the innovative software project management, and helping project managers to realize the opportunities to promote innovation and manage it.

Mental health professionals regularly witness their clients' challenging life events, which they must cope with throughout their careers. This study examines the association between secondary traumatic stress (STS) and cognitive flexibility among counselors and therapists and explores their variations by demographic and professional factors. The participants included 536 professionals (psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and child development specialists). Secondary traumatic stress and cognitive flexibility were assessed using the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale and the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Scale, respectively. Demographic data were collected using the Personal Data Form. SPSS 21.0 software was used for data analysis. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a moderate negative association between the participants' STS and cognitive flexibility levels. The findings indicated a higher STS risk among child development specialists, younger professionals, those who are single or do not have children, those who have lower income or fewer years of experience, and those without trauma-related training or supervision. Conversely, older age, marriage, children, higher income, higher level of education, longer experience, and trauma-related training were identified as protective factors for cognitive flexibility. Several recommendations were provided to strengthen mental health professionals’ flexibility and reduce the impact of STS on them. First, supportive measures in protection, prevention, and treatment for mental health professionals who work in the field of trauma should be taken. Second, priority should be given to extending certified training programs that will improve the professional skills of mental health workers. Third, counselors should be supported by peer, individual, and group supervision. Finally, examining gender- specific risks is essential to increase women's cognitive flexibility and improve their physical and emotional well-being.

The object of research is the management of communication processes that occur between different stakeholders in project activities in the implementation of distributed environmental projects. The research is based on the application of the basic provisions of communication management in project management methodologies, including Green Project Management used to study the features and factors influencing individual processes in distributed environmental projects. The paper also applies the current provisions, methodological approaches to set theory and systems analysis (to formalize management processes, development of system models); classical and applied project management standards; expert evaluation methods for quantitative evaluation of criteria; methods of mathematical modeling, etc. The information base of the research is statistical data on the implementation of projects, the results of own research. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that a significant impact on the outcome of the implementation of distributed environmental projects is determined by the successful management of communications between stakeholders in the development and implementation of the project. Because the formation of an effective communication management mechanism in distributed environmental projects ensures the receipt of the project product with minimal risks. The interrelation of management of communications and interactions in the distributed projects and features of application of the concept of Green Project Management for management of nature protection projects is shown. Peculiarities of interaction management in distributed environmental projects are analyzed. The method of interaction management in nature distribution distributed projects is offered. The method of creation of a communication platform for realization of the coordinated management of communications in the distributed projects is offered. With the help of the method it is possible to coordinate the planned actions of the project participants on a set of compromise and related solutions to implement the tasks that are the best results of the project in accordance with the functions for benefits. It is shown to increase the efficiency of the interaction management process in distributed environmental projects to ensure effective communication in the interaction of stakeholders in distributed environmental projects under the condition of unclear information about the real state of the level of achievement of stakeholder expectations.

Purpose: In this study, the relationship between the cognitive flexibility score of university students and their social interest levels was investigated. In line with this main purpose; the moderator role of variables such as age, department and grade on this relationship was also examined. Design/Methodology/Approach: The participants of the study consist of, 344 female and 256 male totally 600 undergraduate students. The research was designed in correlational survey model. “Social Interest Scale” and “Cognitive Flexibility Inventory” were used to collect data. SPSS PROCESS was used in the analysis of the data. The linear regression statistical technique was used to determine the moderation effect. Findings: Positive and significant relationship at medium level was observed between cognitive flexibility and social interest levels of university students. Results; social interest, age, and department are significant predictors of cognitive flexibility. Highlights: It was observed that high social interest scores caused an increase in the cognitive flexibility scores of the participants in the group at the age of 24 years and older. While the moderation effect of social interest on cognitive flexibility is at the highest level in psychological counseling and guidance department considering undergraduate students, this group is followed by undergraduate students from primary school teaching and preschool teaching departments, respectively.