Hubungan Karakteristik Sosial Ekonomi dan Biaya Produksi terhadap Pendapatan Usahatani Lada di Daerah Perbatasan

This study aims to examine farmer’s socio-economic characteristics and pepper farming analysis on several pepper management patterns. This study was conducted in Lawonua Village, South Konawe District, and Simbune Village, East Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, in June 2014 and November 2015. Data were collected through a survey method using open-ended and semi-structured questionnaire interviews, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive and financial analysis, such as NPV, BCR, and IRR. The results showed that most income of the community in Simbune and Lawonua Village is from pepper farming activity. The respondents were dominated by men, where most of them are Tolaki Tribe, with average age ranges from 30-50 years old. Education level was dominated by junior and senior high school, and most of the respondents have more than ten years of pepper farming experience. The analysis showed that all pepper pattern management was feasible. The results indicated that the first pattern of monoculture pepper farming provided the highest NPV IDR 379,175,999 (IDR/rotation), and the second-highest was pepper farming with cocoa, which provided the highest BCR values (2.75). While the third was agroforestry pepper patterns with pepper, cocoa, durian, and langsat that had the highest IRR value of 33%. The pepper with the cocoa farming pattern was generally carried out by farmers who have enough capital. While pepper farming in the agroforestry pattern was mostly chosen due to its consideration to provide more security for family income.

ABSTRACTOne of the commodities that became the mainstay of Indonesia's exports is commodities pepper. In Indonesia, many pepper plants grown in the provinces of Lampung, Bangka, West Kalimantan and Aceh. Pepper plants in several regencies / cities in Aceh province. However, the development of commodity pepper planting area tends to decrease in almost every district. Aceh Besar district as a granary, pepper production in Aceh province also decreased acreage planting area. This condition is very contradictory because demand and prices of pepper are high but has not been used optimally. This is a reflection of the low motivation of farmers in pepper farming. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of motivation pepper farmers and determine the factors related to the motivation of farmers. The data analysis method used is Likert measurement scale systems and Spearman rank correlation. The data used are primary data time series period 2008-2013. Based on test results using a Likert scale of measurement that the level of motivation of farmers in pepper farming in Aceh Besar district in the high category. Based on the factors that have been tested using Spearman rank correlation, it is known that factors related to the level of motivation of farmers in pepper farming is the motivation of farmers with the availability of inputs, farmers motivated by cosmopolitan nature of farmers, and the motivation of farmers by supporting institutions. While revenue and service agencies there are not to relation with the motivation of pepper farmers. Keywords: Pepper Farm, Farmer Motivation Levels, External Factors, Spearman Rank Correlation

This research aims to find out the comparison of income and the risk of chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) farming and cayenne pepper (Capsicum Frutescens L.) farming. The study was conducted in three villages at Sumberejo Sub-district of Tanggamus Regency. This research used a survey method and respondents in this research were 30 chili pepper farmers and 30 cayenne pepper farmers. The data analysis used is farm income analysis and risk analysis uses coefficient of variation. To find out the comparison of income and risk of farming was independent sample t-test. The results showed that the income of chili pepper farming was higher than that of cayenne pepper farming with the income of IDR119,047,409.08 per hectare and IDR49,579,450.49 per hectare. There is no significant difference between production risk and income from chili pepper and cayenne pepper farming. The price risk of chili pepper farming is higher than that of cayenne pepper.Key words: Chili farming, income, risk

East Luwu Regency is one of the largest pepper centers in South Sulawesi Province. This study aims to: (1) know the production pepper farming, (2) analyze farmers’ income from pepper farming, (3) analyze the household income of pepper farmers and (4) analyze the level of welfare of pepper farmer households in Bantilang Village, Towuti District, East Luwu Regency. This research was conducted in Bantilang Village, Towuti District, East Luwu Regency from July to August 2021. The sample is 42 pepper farmers. The data was analysed using descriptive quantitative method. The results showed that (1) the level of pepper production in Bantilang Village, Towuti District, East Luwu Regency was quite high, that is 938.39 Kg/Ha. The income of pepper farmers is Rp. 4,353,953/month with the R/C-Ratio of 4.39, (2) household income of pepper farmers is relatively high, where their incomes are genterated from pepper farming, other farming, outside farming and income of household members, with the average household income of pepper farmers is Rp. 13,544,548/month, (3) the welfare of farmer households is high, where as many as 41 farmers are included in the prosperous category (97.62%).

All Organic farming considered as one of the solutions to the green revolution. Organic farming business is relatively profitable because the selling price of organic commodities is more expensive than non-organic. On contrary farmers’ interest were still lacking in organic farming. This study aims are to analyze the influences factors of pepper farmers in decision making on choosing organic farming systems, so as to analyze the ratio of income levels of organic pepper farmers compared to non-organic pepper growers. Descriptive analysis, logistic regression analysis and income comparison analysis was applied. The results showed that age, level of education and price were some factors that influenced the decision of pepper farmers on choose an organic farming system. Furthermore, organic pepper farmer incomes is higher than the income of non-organic pepper farmers by a difference at IDR 11,884,591.3.

The development of pepper farming in Batu Timbau Village cannot be separated from the role of agricultural extension workers in encouraging and providing information to farmers. This study aimed to determine the role of extension workers in pepper farming in Batu Timbau Village, Batu Ampar Sub-District, which is seen from the aspects of motivators, educators, catalysts, organizers, and communicators. This research was carried out in 2021 in Batu Timbau Village, Batu Ampar Sub-District, East Kutai District. The sampling technique in this study used the census method with a total sample of 47 pepper farmers. The data analysis method used was descriptive statistics with a 3-item Likert scale. The results showed that the role of extension workers for pepper farmers in Batu Timbau Village was included in the role category seen from five aspects of the assessment. The role of extension workers for pepper farmers in the motivator aspect was included in the interval between 391.71 - 548.30 which is included in the role category with a value of 488. In the educational aspect, it is included in the interval of the role category with a value of 472. In addition, the aspect of organizers, communicators, and catalysts are in the interval of role categories with values of 485, 502, and 545 respectively.

<p>Indonesia is one of the major pepper (Piper nigrum L.) producer countries in the world. The main pepper products are distinguished into black and white pepper. Each region has a tradition to produce each of the products and influencing cultivation practices and cost structure. This research was aimed to analyze the cost of productions of black and white pepper and their relative competitiveness to the pepper price at the farm level with conventional and improved cultivation practices. The survey methods were used to obtain the primary data from respondents selected with the snowball sampling method. Lampung and Bangka Belitung Islands were chosen to represent the black and white peppers of smallholders, respectively. The result showed that the farms with conventional cultivation practices did not have sustainable relative competitiveness, indicating higher production costs than the lowest prices received in the long term. On the other hand, relative competitiveness was relatively better in farms that implemented improved cultivation practices. Therefore, to achieve sustainable relative competitiveness, pepper farms should apply improved cultivation practices. The relative competitiveness of white pepper was better than black pepper because the productivity of white pepper was higher even though the production cost was also a little bit higher than black pepper.</p>

This study aims to determine the effect of price, land area and production costs on the income of rice farmers in North Toto Village, Tilongkabila District, Bone Bolango Regency. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. With a total sample of 44 farmers in North Toto Village. This research method uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression model analysis. The results showed that the price had a negative and insignificant effect on the income of rice farmers in North Toto Village. This means that every 1% increase in price can reduce income by 0.237. Land area has a positive and significant effect on the income of rice farmers in North Toto Village. This means that every 1% increase in land area can increase income by 0.682. Production costs have a negative and significant effect on the income of rice farmers in North Toto Village. This means that every 1% increase can reduce income by -0.254. The coefficient of determination (R Square) is 0.596, this shows that the percentage of rice farmers' income variation which is explained by the variation of the independent variables, namely price, land area and production costs is 59.6% for the remaining 40.4% influenced by other variables.

Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the potential agricultural commodities in Indonesia. In the past, Indonesia was the leading producer and exporter of black and white pepper in the world. However, in recent years, Indonesia has lost its leading position to Vietnam due to instability of price, climate change and pepper farmer’s lack of knowledge on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), resulting in low productivity, plant diseases, and difficulties with water supply. In order to tackle those problems, eight public and private organizations (Verstegen, ICCO, N&S, AKVO, VanderSat, IPB, Balittro and PT. CAN) formed a multinational partnership project named SpiceUp funded by NSO. SpiceUp aims to implement a financially sustainable information service based on geodata and precision agriculture that supports 100, 000 Indonesia pepper farmers to increase their production, income, food security and reduce the inputs of water, fertilizer, and pesticides. As an initial phase, baseline surveys were conducted in four targeted areas to collect data about household characteristics, inputs and income of farmers and better understand farming practices. The baseline findings show that there is an urgent need for farmers to get access to: 1. Fertilizer advice; 2. Pest and disease advice; 3. Good Agricultural Practice; 4. Water management advice; 5. Sustainability tracing system. In conclusion, increasing farmers’ knowledge of pepper culture that corresponds with GAP and inviting farmers to be able to start using information technology and satellite data in their cultivation systems will be solutions in facing current challenges because the services offered depend on the real problems.

This research was conducted in Lapandewa Makmur Village of Lapandewa sub-district of South Buton Regency, which takes place from June to July 2015. The aims of this research were : 1) to know what the area of land, seed, fertilizer, tanager labor simulates significant effect on farm incomes onion; 2) whether a land area is a partially significant effect on farm incomes onion; 3) whether the seed is partially significant effect on farm incomes onion; 4) whether the fertilizer is partially significant effect on farm incomes onion; 5) whether the workforce is partially significant effect on farm incomes onion. The purpose of this research were; 1) to determine the effect of land seed fertilizer, and labor on the farm income of onion, 2) to determine the effect of land on onion farming income, 3) to determine the effec1 of seed on onion farming income, 4) to determine the effect of fertilizer on onion farming income, 5) to determine the effect of employment on onion farming income. The population in this research is the overall farmers who cultivate plants of onion totaling 160 people. The determination of samples was done by simple random sampling so that the number of samples obtained as many as 40 people. Furthermore, the data tabulated and analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis techniques to find out whether there is an influence of socio-economic characteristics of the respondent against the productivity of farmers in onion farming. The results of the analysis conducted regression equation Y = 628566.433 + 5166123.665X1 + 0.0821X2 + 13.646X3 - 0.103X4 + e; The results of the research suggest that there as significant factors of production on onion farming income with adjusted R Square at 0.514. This shows that the factors of production together have the same influence on onion farming income of 51.4% and the remaining 48.6% is influenced by other factors. The value of significance for land area (X1) =0.026; seeds (X2) = 0.893; fertilizer (X3) = 0.024; labor (X4) = 0.854. The value of the probability obtained each of these variables is smaller when compared to the significance or confidence level 5%> or 0.05 then it can be said of the variable land area and fertilizer have significant effect, while labor (X4) and seeds (X2) have not significantly affected the revenues of onion farming.
 Keywords: revenue, costs of production, cocoa

This study aimed to estimate the technical efficiency among pepper (Piper nigrum. L) farmers in Sarawak, Malaysia, using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). SFA involves a one-step process that can estimate technical inefficacy factors simultaneously with the production frontier. 678 pepper farmers were involved in this study, and the data were collected from 2012 to 2013. The mean score for technical efficiency was 0.518, indicating that pepper farmers were not efficient. However, the inefficiency model showed that education level, membership in farmers’ association, full-time as a pepper farmer, attending courses and visiting sample farms were factors that significantly improved inefficiency. The major problem of pepper farming in Sarawak is poor agricultural practices where farmers do not fully utilize the available agricultural inputs to produce maximum output. Based on the findings, farmers must improve their knowledge and skills in pepper farming through agronomic education.

Soil characteristics under cash crop farming in upland areas of Sarawak, Malaysia

Certification is an activity to foster farmers about good and correct cultivation in accordance with agreed standards to improve quality and ask farmers to care for the environment, which then increases social and economic resilience so that our cultivation can be maintained. This study aims to (1) know the ongoing pepper certification process; (2) comparing income between certified pepper farming and non-certified pepper farming; and (3) understand the factors that influence income differences between pepper farming certified and non-certified pepper farming in Matompi Village, Towuti District, East Luwu Regency. Data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis, farm productivity analysis, farming income, and R/C ratio. Analysis of farmland productivity is divided into two, namely seeds productivity and seed productivity. Seeds productivity results show that non-certified farmers are higher than certified farmers, while seed productivity results are only carried out by certified farmers. The results of the study showed, although the productivity of pepper seeds (fruit) in certified pepper farms is lower, however, is more profitable due to the high sales value of its pepper seeds (cuttings).

This study aims to analyze the income of citrus farmers and the effect of land area, production costs and BNI (Kredit Usaha Rakyat) KUR capital on the income of citrus farmers in Petungsewu Village, Dau District, Malang Regency. This type of research is descriptive quantitative using primary data sources and secondary data. Data collection methods are interviews and questionnaires. The population and sample in this study amounted to 21 people with the criteria of citrus farmers using KUR BNI. The independent variables in this study are land area, production costs and capital BNI KUR on the income of citrus farmers. The result of this research is that land area has a positive and significant effect on the income of citrus farmers. Production costs have a positive and significant effect on the income of citrus farmers. Capital (KUR BNI) has a positive and insignificant effect on the income of citrus farmers.

This study was conducted to determine the production costs incurred by farmers for cassava farming per hectare per year to find out the net income obtained from cassava farming per hectare per year, how the level of production risk, costs and income of cassava farming is, and how the risk management of cassava farming is carried out by farmers in the research area. The research location is in Bosar Galugur Village, Tanah Jawa District, Simalungun Regency. Determination of the research area is done purposively (deliberately). The sampling method used the census method (saturated sample). The data analysis method used is descriptive analysis and coefficient of variation (CV) analysis. The results showed that the average production cost of cassava farming in the study area was Rp.13,766.604,65/ha/year. The average income of cassava farming in the research area is Rp. 35,303,706.64/ha/year and the average net income of cassava farming in the study area is Rp. 21,537,102/ha/year. The level of production risk, cost, and income faced by cassava farmers in the study area is low (KV < 0.5 and L > 0). The risk management of cassava farming carried out by farmers is the production risk of making beds and cleaning drainage/trenchments, the risk of farmers borrowing money from toke/agents, and the risk of income; there is no special management carried out by farmers because farmers cannot determine prices.