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Environmental chemistry has been a research subject for master thesis and doctoral dissertations since the end of 1980s. Because of the wide usage of in literature, it is essential to draw a framework about the subject. For this reason, content analysis is conducted to analyze master thesis and doctoral dissertations about Environmental Education, which were published in the last five years, 2011-2015. In this study 69 master thesis and 18 doctoral dissertations were analyzed regarding; “publication date, total page number, academic title of the advisors, gender of authors, research type, research model, sampling method, sample size, grade level of sample and analysis method”. Result of the study indicates that quantitative methods are preferred in master thesis, on the other hand mixed type methods are preferred in doctoral thesis and also “convenience sampling” was frequently preferred as sampling method and sample size was generally about “301-350 people” because researchers preferred survey model.

Measuring suspended sediment in fluvial systems is critical to understanding and managing water resources. Sampling suspended sediment has been the primary means of understanding fluvial suspended sediment. Specialized samplers, sampling methods, and laboratory methods developed by select U.S. Federal Agencies are more representative of river and stream conditions than commonly used grab sampling and total suspended solids (TSS) laboratory methods but are not widely used because they are expensive, time consuming, and not required as part of water quality standards in the United States. A new suspended-sediment sampling method called a depth-integrated grab (DIG) was developed by combining certain elements from both grab and depth-integrating sampling methods and suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) laboratory methods. The goal of the DIG method was to provide more accurate results than Grab-TSS while being easier and cheaper to sample than specialized samplers and methods. Approximately 50 paired comparison samples were collected at 9 sites in Minnesota from 2018 through 2019. Results showed no significant difference between the DIG and specialized sampling methods and a significant difference between both methods and the Grab-TSS method. The DIG-SSC provided an improved alternative to the Grab-TSS method, but additional research and testing is important to evaluate if this method is appropriate in different conditions than were observed in this study.

The problem of the “sick” building-facts and implications: Identifying and measuring indoor nonbiologic agents

This study aims to determine the influence of financial literacy and promotion on public interest in using Islamic bank savings products in Labuhan Deli District. A quantitative method was used with multiple linear regression analysis, involving a population of 67,806. The sample was selected using purposive sampling, with a total of 100 respondents. This study utilized SPSS version 18, and data were collected through questionnaires. The results showed that promotion has a positive and significant influence on public interest in saving at Islamic banks. Conversely, financial literacy does not have a significant effect on public interest. Although both variables contribute to increasing public interest, promotion plays a more dominant role than financial literacy. Therefore, this study recommends that Islamic banking institutions enhance innovative promotional strategies and strengthen financial literacy education programs to improve public understanding and interest in Islamic savings products.

The objective of the paper is to reflect on the affordances of different techniques for making Twitter collections and to suggest the use of a random sampling technique, made possible by Twitter’s Streaming API (Application Programming Interface), for baselining, scoping, and contextualising practices and issues. It discusses this technique by analysing a one per cent sample of all tweets posted during a 24-hour period and introducing a number of analytical directions considered useful for qualifying some of the core elements of the platform, in particular hashtags. To situate the proposal, the report first discusses how platforms propose particular affordances but leave considerable margins for the emergence of a wide variety of practices. This argument is then related to the question of how medium and sampling technique are intrinsically connected. Background Social media platforms present numerous challenges to empirical research, making it different from researching cases in offline environments, but also different from studying the “open” Web. Because of the limited access possibilities and the sheer size of platforms like Facebook or Twitter, the question of delimitation, i.e. the selection of subsets to analyse, is particularly relevant. Whilst sampling techniques have been thoroughly discussed in the context of social science research, sampling procedures in the context of social media analysis are far from being fully understood. Even for Twitter, a platform having received considerable attention from empirical researchers due to its relative openness to data collection, methodology is largely emergent. In particular the question of how smaller collections relate to the entirety of activities of the platform is quite unclear. Recent work comparing case based studies to gain a broader picture and the development of graph theoretical methods for sampling are certainly steps in the right direction, but it seems that truly large-scale Twitter studies are limited to computer science departments, where epistemic orientation can differ considerably from work done in the humanities and social sciences.

Determining the potential bioavailability of heavy metals, evaluating according to adapted regulations is essential to efficiently conserve our coastal and estuarine waters. In this study, it is aimed to determine the industrial pollution and various other pollution sources that the Black Sea Basin is exposed to by using DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films) method and grab (manuel) sampling method in water and sediment and to evaluate the existing pollution according to quality standards. In Samsun, seasonal samples were collected from five different sampling stations, namely Akkiraz Stream, Hıdırellez Stream, Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ) Channel, Şabanoğlu Stream and Selyeri Stream, which are selected from Tekkeköy region where industry is intensively active. In order to determine the heavy metal content in both water and sediment samples, the DGT method was chosen for passive sampling and the grab sampling method was used for active sampling, and the efficiency of the methods was evaluated. According to the results of the study, the heavy metal concentration in grab sampling for water samples in descending order Al> Fe> Zn> Pb> Ni> Cu; In the samples taken with DGT, they are listed as Al> Fe> Zn> Cu> Ni> Pb. There were significant relationships between the total metal concentrations of sediment (Csed) and water (Csu) in grab sampling and metal concentrations sediment (Csed-DGT) and water (Csu-DGT) measured by DGT. It was found that the sensitivity and performance of sampling with DGT was 2-10 times higher compared to grab sampling. The high resolution in situ DGT technique for the assessment and management of the potential release risk of heavy metals at the water-sediment interface is a complementary method that contributes to the standard grab sampling method.

Objective: This research has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method of action research. Method: The method of collecting information was using a new approach of combined research method. The research site was one of the elementary schools in Birjand in the academic year 2014-2015. The research sample was selected by purposeful sampling method. In this research, after proving the existence of anxiety and anxiety of the sixth-grade student in the evaluation of math lesson, using scientifically and creatively collected evidence and information, scientific and creative methods were used to reduce anxiety and anxiety. Research tools included qualitative methods such as peer evaluation, observation and interview with parents, as well as quantitative methods such as Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) for data collection. Results: Recommended solutions to the present study include: examining the student's nutritional status and improving it as one of the most important prerequisites for learning, examining the history of fear in math through conversation with the student and his parents focusing on the principle of succession fear, helping students to volunteer in situations The course was anxious, offering a few simple exercises to the student before the main assessment in the math bell and so on. Conclusion: After implementation of these solutions, the student's anxiety was assessed again with the help of combined research method. The results showed that students' anxiety was reduced in math lessons.

This study aims to determine The partial influence of service quality and toll rates on public interest in using toll roads, The influence of service quality and toll rates on user satisfaction with toll roads, User satisfaction with toll roads on public interest in using toll roads, The influence of service quality on public interest in using toll roads through user satisfaction with toll roads and The influence of toll rates on public interest in using toll roads managed by PT Makassar Metro Network through user satisfaction with toll roads. This research uses a quantitative method. The research is conducted at PT Makassar Metro Network in Makassar with a population and sample of 125 toll road users. The sample selection is done using purposive sampling and the sample size is determined based on the Yount percentage table. Data collection techniques include questionnaires, and data analysis uses the SEM PLS analysis technique. The results of the study show that Service quality and toll rates have a positive and significant influence on the public interest in using toll roads, Service quality and toll rates have a positive and significant influence on user satisfaction with toll roads, User satisfaction with toll roads has a positive and significant influence on the public interest in using toll roads, Service quality has a positive and significant influence on the public interest in using toll roads through user satisfaction with toll road and Toll rates have a positive and significant influence on the public interest in using toll roads through user satisfaction with toll roads.

The current study aims to contribute to closing this gap in the literature by making a thematic content analysis. In this study, which was conducted to examine the studies on misconceptions in science education in Turkey by thematic content analysis according to their type, year, method, sample, sampling method, data collection tools, and topics, a total of 346 studies published between 2000–2022 and accessed through the YÖK Thesis Center, ERIC, and Google Scholar were analyzed. As a result of the research, it was determined that most of the studies on misconceptions in science education in Turkey were published in 2011 in the forms of articles, they mainly used the survey method, they were conducted generally at the primary education level, the most frequently used sampling method was convenience sampling, and they often utilized concept tests as data collection tools. In terms of the preferred topics, it was found that most studies aimed to detect misconceptions. It is a well-known fact that misconceptions prevent science learning. Although it is favorable that a substantial number of studies on misconceptions are conducted in Turkey, the fact that the vast majority of these studies are about detecting misconceptions is thought-provoking since it is equally important to determine the causes of misconceptions and to try to eliminate them. In addition, based on the conclusion that quantitative methods are mostly used in the studies analyzed, it is essential to increase the number of qualitative studies to gain in-depth information about misconceptions.

Orientation: Articles from three African psychology journals were reviewed to indicate their use and reporting practices of convenience samples.Research purpose: Method-relevant sections of empirical research reports (qualitative, quantitative, mixed method, etc.) were categorised to establish current method use and reporting practices as well as the methodological standards of convenience sampling in three African psychology journals from 2018 to mid-2020.Motivation for the study: Convenience sampling is the most popularly used sampling method in psychology. However, little attention is paid to sampling composition and sampling methods in articles, which influences trustworthiness, generalisability and replication of results. Psychology is also experiencing criticism because of the lack of non-Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic (WEIRD) samples.Research approach/design and method: A systematised review design was followed to purposively collect and categorise articles that used convenience samples as a sampling approach (n = 139) from the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, the South African Journal of Psychology and the Journal of Psychology in Africa.Main findings: General reporting practices included sample size, gender, country, sample source (e.g. university) and age. Other sample characteristics indicate that studies were primarily conducted with South Africans speaking Afrikaans or English. English was mainly used to collect data from primarily black (African) and white (Caucasian) racial groups. Participants were largely female from university or college. Some sample differences such as sample size were also noted between qualitative and quantitative research methods. African journals’ reporting practices of sample characteristics were found to include standards and frequencies similar to or higher than those of international journals.Practical/managerial implications: Journals should pay attention to their role in influencing the reporting practices and standards of convenience samples and consider incorporating the presented categories.Contribution/value-add: The use of convenience sampling in African psychology journals is presented along with the potential of African research to provide non-WEIRD samples in psychology. Recommendations for improving the use of this sampling method are highlighted.

This research aims to describe the marketing mix at the Cake and Bakery "Hari-hari" business in Manado City. This research was conducted for 1 month, from June to July 2023. The sampling method used in the study was accidental sampling. Primary data was collected through interviews guided by a list of questions that had been prepared previously and the results of direct observations at the research site. Secondary data is obtained from the library, namely written sources and books obtained from local books and the internet through google scholar in the form of books, articles, journals and theses related to the research topic, namely the marketing mix in business. The data analysis method used in the research is descriptive. The results of the study explain that the marketing mix in the Cake and Bakery "Hari-hari" business has not fully implemented the marketing mix perfectly where the seven elements of the product marketing mix, price, promotion, place, people, process, physical appearance have been implemented properly but there is one element that has not been maximized, namely promotion. The current promotion is not maximized.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of Tri Nga's teachings and labor market considerations on interest in a career in the field of taxation by using quantitative methods. Data collection uses primary data by distributing questionnaires to accounting students at Sarjanwiyata Tamansiswa University, Yogyakarta. Sampling method using convenience sampling. Data collection is carried out by distributing the Google Form link through the WhatsApp application. Data processed by 100 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the application of Tri Nga's teachings has a positive effect on interest in taxation careers, while labor market considerations do not affect interest in taxation career.

Urban forest ecosystems confer multiple ecosystem services. There is therefore a need to quantify ecological characteristics in terms of community structure and composition so that benefits can be better understood in ecosystem service models. Efficient sampling and monitoring methods are crucial in this process. Full tree inventories are scarce due to time and financial constraints, thus a variety of sampling methods exist. Modern vegetation surveys increasingly use a stratified‐random plot‐based sampling to reduce the bias associated with convenience sampling, even though the latter can save time and increase species richness scores. The urban landscape, with a high degree of conspecific clustering and high species diversity, provides a unique biogeographical case for comparing these two methodological approaches. We use two spatially extensive convenience samples of the urban forest of Meran (Italy), and compare the community structure, tree characteristics and ecosystem service provision with 200 random circular plots. The convenience sampling resulted in a higher species diversity, incorporating more rare species. This is a result of covering more area per unit sampling time. Pseudorandom subplots were compared to the random plots revealing similar Shannon diversity and sampling comparability indices. Measured tree variables (diameter at breast height, height, tree‐crown width, height to crown base) were similar between the two methods, as were ecosystem service model outputs. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that convenience sampling may be a time and money saving alternative to random sampling as long as stratification by land‐use type is incorporated into the design. The higher species richness can potentially improve the accuracy of urban ecological models, which rely on species‐specific functional traits.

Convenience samples are used to determine HIV-related behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) without measuring the extent to which the results are representative of the broader MSM population. We compared results from a cross-sectional survey of MSM recruited from gay bars between June and October 2001 to a random digit dial telephone survey conducted between June 2002 and January 2003. The men in the probability sample were older, better educated, and had higher incomes than men in the convenience sample, the convenience sample enrolled more employed men and men of color. Substance use around the time of sex was higher in the convenience sample but other sexual behaviors were similar. HIV testing was common among men in both samples. Periodic validation, through comparison of data collected by different sampling methods, may be useful when relying on survey data for program and policy development.

BackgroundThis scoping review reports on studies that collect survey data using quantitative research to measure self-reported oral health status outcome measures. The objective of this review is to categorize measures used to evaluate self-reported oral health status and oral health quality of life used in surveys of general populations.MethodsThe review is guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) with the search on four online bibliographic databases. The criteria include (1) peer-reviewed articles, (2) papers published between 2011 and 2021, (3) only studies using quantitative methods, and (4) containing outcome measures of self-assessed oral health status, and/or oral health-related quality of life. All survey data collection methods are assessed and papers whose methods employ newer technological approaches are also identified.ResultsOf the 2981 unduplicated papers, 239 meet the eligibility criteria. Half of the papers use impact scores such as the OHIP-14; 10% use functional measures, such as the GOHAI, and 26% use two or more measures while 8% use rating scales of oral health status. The review identifies four data collection methods: in-person, mail-in, Internet-based, and telephone surveys. Most (86%) employ in-person surveys, and 39% are conducted in Asia-Pacific and Middle East countries with 8% in North America. Sixty-six percent of the studies recruit participants directly from clinics and schools, where the surveys were carried out. The top three sampling methods are convenience sampling (52%), simple random sampling (12%), and stratified sampling (12%). Among the four data collection methods, in-person surveys have the highest response rate (91%), while the lowest response rate occurs in Internet-based surveys (37%). Telephone surveys are used to cover a wider population compared to other data collection methods. There are two noteworthy approaches: 1) sample selection where researchers employ different platforms to access subjects, and 2) mode of interaction with subjects, with the use of computers to collect self-reported data.ConclusionThe study provides an assessment of oral health outcome measures, including subject-reported oral health status and notes newly emerging computer technological approaches recently used in surveys conducted on general populations. These newer applications, though rarely used, hold promise for both researchers and the various populations that use or need oral health care.