Abstract
As stated in Chap. 8, “Vertical Deviations,” not all causes of overelevation in adduction are a result of inferior oblique muscle (IO) “overaction” (OA) . There are many causes of overelevation in adduction that are not caused by “OA” of the IO and will have an unsatisfactory response to surgical weakening of that muscle. These include pseudo-IO OA [1], anti-elevation syndrome (AES) [2], dissociated vertical divergence (DVD), Duane syndrome , pulley heterotopia [3, 4], inferior restrictions in the contralateral eye, and many cases with craniofacial syndromes.
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