How to Govern the Confidence Machine?

Covid 19 has radically shaken many things in our lives. Undoubtedly, belief in science has passed a huge test beyond our general believes. Most of the people have begun to apparently express their doubts on this matter. Indeed, the problem of trust in science is not particularly new but has a new level. However, given this change, our confidence in science needs to be reassessed. In essence, this study aims to address the problem of trust in science in light of these new developments. In this framework, the nature and limits of science will be discussed again. Differences between the legendary possibilities of science and its real possibilities will be questioned. With the promising possibilities of the discipline of "imagoloy" developed by us, the problem of scientific trust will be handled comparatively against the reality of covid 19 which we are facing in our times.

Trust Issue has become a topic that is often discussed by many people. In the context of personal relationships, this trust issue often occurs due to suspicion, betrayal or painful past experiences. This issue is very common and also has a significant impact on a person's life, both personally and socially, no wonder many relationships are 'destroyed' because of this trust issue. Things that usually happen in the scope of trust issues include marriage, romantic relationships and friendships. The problem of trust in this relationship has finally been raised by many Instagram social media activists to become a quote content in the form of text or video. Not a few netizens responded to the uploaded content, some justified the content, telling an experience, fear reaction, overthinking. Therefore, researchers are interested in exploring further by conducting a content analysis of Krippendorff to find out the description of the trust issue itself and the impact caused by the trust problem. The method used by researchers uses a qualitative descriptive method by including 5 samples from the @lovayank account and Netizen comments as the object of this research. The results of the study show many negative reactions to one of the video content quotes @lovayank which is an indicator of the description and impact of the trust issue.

The development of information technology has brought great convenience to our lives, but at the same time, the unfairness and privacy issues brought about by traditional centralized systems cannot be ignored. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer and decentralized ledger technology that has the characteristics of transparency, consistency, traceability and fairness, but it reveals private information in some scenarios. Secure multi-party computation (MPC) guarantees enhanced privacy and correctness, so many researchers have been trying to combine secure MPC with blockchain to deal with privacy and trust issues. In this paper, we used homomorphic encryption, secret sharing and zero-knowledge proofs to construct a publicly verifiable secure MPC protocol consisting of two parts—an on-chain computation phase and an off-chain preprocessing phase—and we integrated the protocol as part of the chaincode in Hyperledger Fabric to protect the privacy of transaction data. Experiments showed that our solution performed well on a permissioned blockchain. Most of the time taken to complete the protocol was spent on communication, so the performance has a great deal of room to grow.

Problem setting. The interdependence of quarantine facilities and the economic crisis makes the coronavirus epidemic an extraordinary social experiment, not only political and economic but mainly sociocultural value transformations are manifested. There is no doubt that restriction of movement, stopping of business activity and control over citizens is perceived differently by the population ofdifferent countries and depends on whether people trust the information being provided or their basic needs met. If all these components are not satisfied, the population ignores the restrictions, does not accept the instructions, increases social conflicts, increases the cost of necessities, rumors, looting, corruption and more.Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of trust in power is quite popular among scholars. The problem of trust in power at different times was the object of research of a galaxy offamous foreign scientists, including R. Aron, M. Weber, D. Gibson, R. Dahl, D. Easton, H. Lasswell, S. Lipset, V. Mishler, R. Putnam, B. Russell, F. Fukuyama and others. Recently, the problem of citizens ’ trust in power was addressed by domesticresearchers V. Akhkasov, S. Beloshitsky, E. Golovakha, M. Golovin, S. Yeliseyev, D. Dzvinchuk, V. Ignatov, Y Kovbasyuk, A. Kovaleva, V. Kremen , O. Kruty, S. Lantsova, V. Ledyayev, V. Maltsev, I. Martyniuk, S. Naumov, V Nechiporenko, N. Panina, O. Radchenko, V. Sychev, V. Khalipov, A. Khokhlov, etc., which considered issues of trust in the government in the context of its legitimacy, the development of the institute for democracy and social protection, the emergence of civil society.Paper objective. The purpose of this article is to identify the components of trust in public authority as factors that ensure social stability during disasters.Paper main body. The main components of trust in public authority in the face of a threat or crisis, based on the rational and emotional interaction of the subject and the subject of power relations and cooperation within formal and informal civil society institutions. We have included the following components: provision of urgent needs (meeting the need for security); responsibility for risky decisions; situation control; transparency of information; providing guarantees for future development.Provision of urgent needs. It should be noted that trust in government provides the population with a basic level of security or social guarantees. This need is especially exacerbated during disasters. Yes, most governments in the world have allocated considerable sums from their budgets to provide their citizens with special conditions for quarantine.Liability for risk in situations of uncertainty. Because trust refers to the future actions of others, it hides the uncertainty and risk that are its characteristic features.Ability to control the actions of a trusted entity. In close connection with risk perception, one of the signs of trust is the aspect of objective loss of control.Providing up-to-date truthful information. The problem is that the excess of information (the phenomenon of information wealth) has generated such a phenomenon as information noise - a chaotic mixture of true andfalse information from so-calledfake sources and the consumer ceases to filter information, as a result why the population loses the ability to accurately understand the current socio-political and economic processes, adequately respond to them, and make the right decisions.Conclusions of the research. Trust in authorities in periods of uncertainty is associated with the expectation offateful decisions. At the same time, the effectiveness of actions, which include minimizing the effects of the viral epidemic and the economic crisis, creating conditions for transparency and openness of the functioning ofpublic authorities, enabling citizens not to lose business activity, prevent criminalization, fight against corruption, support the protection of the vulnerable, protect the vulnerable employees involved in work in risk situations (doctors, police, etc.) will increase the level of trust in political institutions as subjects of implementation her public interest.

Introduction: While trust is recognized as a key element for successful collaboration in primary care, little empirical research has been done on the management of trust problems. This study examined how trust problems in primary care are managed by investing in coordination activities. Theory and methods: Both sociological and economic theories about trust are used. Data was collected within the Dutch ‘Primary Focus’ program of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development. Characteristics of 66 multidisciplinary collaborations in primary care were measured by 198 interviews, with project leaders and two partners per project. Results: Legal forms and risk management were more likely used when a large diversity of disciplines is involved in the multidisciplinary collaboration. Trust issues caused by high monitoring problems appeared to be managed by informal contact. Contrary to our expectation, partners who worked together before were more likely to invest in risk management during their collaboration. Conclusions: Coordination activities in primary care collaborations vary by diversity of the partners involved, their shared history and potential monitoring problems. Discussion: Trust problems in multidisciplinary collaborations are managed using different coordination activities. Future research is needed to explore the influence of trust on the outcomes of the collaboration itself.

Blockchain technology was created as a response to the trust crisis that swept the world in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. Bitcoin and other blockchain-based systems were presented as a “trustless” alternative to existing financial institutions and even governments. Yet, while the trustless nature of blockchain technology has been heavily questioned, little research has been done as to what blockchain technologies actually bring to the table in place of trust. This article draws from the extensive academic discussion on the concepts of “trust” and “confidence” to argue that blockchain technology is not a ‘trustless technology’ but rather a ‘confidence machine’. First, the article provides a review of the multifaceted conceptualisations of trust and confidence, and the relationship between these two concepts. Second, the claim is made that blockchain technology relies on cryptographic rules, mathematics, and game-theoretical incentives in order to increase confidence in the operations of a computational system. Yet, such an increase in confidence ultimately relies on the proper operation and governance of the underlying blockchain-based network, which requires trusting a variety of actors. Third, the article turns to legal, constitutional and polycentric governance theory to explore the governance challenges of blockchain-based systems, in light of the tension between procedural confidence and trust.

With the development of landscape discipline and governance theories, “landscape governance” has become a new frontier of inter-disciplinary research, and is considered a sub-topic and extension of “environmental governance.” Institution is an important factor to the development of landscape governance theory and practice. Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, the construction of Ecological Civilization has marked itself a new milestone for its systematic top-down design and institution-oriented efforts. At the same time, the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2013 proposed to improve the contemporary national governance system and capacity, and took governance as a new means to evaluate state capacities and state-society relations. Both of them will significantly impact landscape planning, design, protection, and management in China. This article reviews the evolution of western landscape governance theories driven by 1) the emphasis on the spatial scale effect of landscape; 2) the exploration of the regional variety of cultural and collective identities of local landscapes; and 3) the emphasis on the practice of landscape governance. It also examines the opportunities in China’s landscape governance brought by the institutional improvement of Ecological Civilization, which might help: resolve the inherent conflicts that cause the existing environmental and ecological problems; enhance China’s capacity on landscape governance; establish a new land-use management system with a greater ecological security and broader ecosystem services; endow landscapes with more public benefits; cultivate a civil society and democracy in landscape governance; and, influence the education and research of Landscape Architecture in multiple dimensions. Finally, the article proposes roadmaps for China’s landscape governance at both global and national scales.

This exploratory investigation aims to discuss current status and challenges, especially in aspect of security and trust problems, of digital supply chain management system with applying some advanced information technologies, such as Internet of Things, cloud computing and blockchain, for improving various system performance and properties, i.e. transparency, visibility, accountability, traceability and reliability. This paper introduces the general histories and definitions, in terms of information science, of the supply chain and relevant technologies which have been applied or are potential to be applied on supply chain with purpose of lowering cost, facilitating its security and convenience. It provides a comprehensive review of current relative research work and industrial cases from several famous companies. It also illustrates requirements or performance of digital supply chain system, security management and trust issues. Finally, this paper concludes several potential or existing security issues and challenges which supply chain management is facing.

Recent years have seen the emergence of a new programming paradigm for Web applications that emphasizes the reuse of external content, the mashup. Although the mashup paradigm enables the creation of innovative Web applications with emergent features, its openness introduces trust problems. These trust issues are particularly prominent in JavaScript code mashup -- a type of mashup that integrated external Javascript libraries to achieve function and software reuse. With JavaScript code mashup, external libraries are usually given full privileges to manipulate data of the mashup application and executing arbitrary code. This imposes considerable risk on the mashup developers and the end users.One major causes for these trust problems is that the mashup developers tend to focus on the functional aspects of the application and implicitly trust the external code libraries to satisfy security, privacy and other non-functional requirements. In this paper, we present ToMaTo, a development tool that combines a novel trust policy language and a static code analysis engine to examine whether the external libraries satisfy the non-functional requirements. ToMaTo gives the mashup developers three essential capabilities for building trustworthy JavaScript code mashup: (1) to specify trust policy, (2) to assess policy adherence, and (3) to handle policy violation. The contributions of the paper are: (1) a description of JavaScript code mashup and its trust issues, and (2) a development tool (ToMaTo) for building trustworthy JavaScript code mashup.

The problem of trust is one of the more prominent security issues in online communications. In this thesis, we propose a new security threat model, computer mediated introductions (CMI), where individuals are introduced online for the purpose of interacting offline. This is a problem that has not been specifically studied in the literature, even though aspects of it have been covered elsewhere. We therefore critically analyze the issue of trust and reputation in CMIs with the aim of improving trust on these platforms. In one of the most popular forms of CMI today, online dating, our findings show that existing standard mechanisms are not sufficient to establish meaningful trust on the platform. While we propose some potential alternative mechanisms for establishing trust in CMIs, the key contribution of this work is to identify the security challenges that arise in computer mediated introductions as a previously unrecognized class of security problems.

Although electronic commerce is currently a relatively small fraction of overall sales, the dollar amounts are significant and growing rapidly. Future growth, however, is likely to be limited by two factors - technical barriers and issues of trust and risk. Technical barriers such as delivery, bandwidth, and standardization are already beginning to erode. Problems of trust and risk require as yet undeveloped institutional solutions. The paper explores the possible form of these institutions by drawing lessons from institutions that emerged historically to address opportunism in remote commerce. Once such institutions emerge, remote commerce will begin to have real tax implications for states. The paper describes the institutional changes that will have to occur to address the tax shortfall once it becomes fiscally and therefore politically noticeable.

The article examines Trust as the essential element of the functioning of society. Firstly, the author analysed the literature on the problem of Trust in various fields of knowledge, such as philosophy, sociology, economics, and political science. Particular emphasis was placed on the study of Trust and distrust from the point of view of psychological research, considering the impact of global transformations in modern society. In addition, the author carried out the analysis of studies on the issues of trust in political leaders, institutions, government bodies.

Integrated approaches to natural resource management are often undermined by fundamental governance weaknesses. We studied governance of a forest landscape in East Lombok, Indonesia. Forest Management Units (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan or KPH) are an institutional mechanism used in Indonesia for coordinating the management of competing sectors in forest landscapes, balancing the interests of government, business, and civil society. Previous reviews of KPHs indicate they are not delivering their potential benefits due to an uncertain legal mandate and inadequate resources. We utilized participatory methods with a broad range of stakeholders in East Lombok to examine how KPHs might improve institutional arrangements to better meet forest landscape goals. We find that KPHs are primarily limited by insufficient integration with other actors in the landscape. Thus, strengthened engagement with other institutions, as well as civil society, is required. Although new governance arrangements that allow for institutional collaboration and community engagement are needed in the long term, there are steps that the East Lombok KPH can take now. Coordinating institutional commitments and engaging civil society to reconcile power asymmetries and build consensus can help promote sustainable outcomes. Our study concludes that improved multi-level, polycentric governance arrangements between government, NGOs, the private sector, and civil society are required to achieve sustainable landscapes in Lombok. The lessons from Lombok can inform forest landscape governance improvements throughout Indonesia and the tropics.

This report examines the relative roles of the private and public sectors in implementing a two-track strategy to reduce poverty. This strategy aims for sustaining broad-based economic growth that makes efficient use of labor, the main asset owned by the poor; and investing in people or human resources by ensuring access to basic social services of adequate quantity and quality. Evidence suggests that both these tracks have high pay-offs in terms of reducing poverty, i.e., both facilitate employment and raise the incomes of the poor, enabling them to participate in the economy's development. The authors conclude that the challenge for governments is to foster an environment that maximizes the economy's vitality and dynamism, by providing safety nets and certain required investments, and by letting the private sector do most of the rest. Some general guidelines about government roles and the private sector are embodied by three themes, namely, (1) improving the business environment by supporting macroeconomic stabilization and procedural, regulatory, and legal reforms; (2) restructuring the public sector by supporting redirecting public spending, and encouraging the private sector to compete in the delivery and financing of services; and (3) reforming the financial sector by supporting the development of efficient financial systems that mobilize savings and channel them to the most productive uses.

Grid and P2P systems are different instances of distributed systems: while Grids are often motivated by intensive computations and required access to huge amounts of distributed data in a secure and trusted environment with quality of service guarantees, P2P systems are driven by large-scale dynamic collaborations in highly untrusted and unreliable environments. Since 2001, the Global and Peer to Peer Computing Workshop has been held annually along with the IEEE Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID) Conference to capture the fuzzy border between these areas and blur it even more, showing a much welcome exchange and enrichment of research ideas. The workshop popularity has increased continuously, making it one of the most successful workshops held at the CCGRID conference. This special issue includes extensions of the best papers of the 2005 workshop issue along with papers submitted directly to the journal. We received a total of 27 submissions and selected 7 papers for their high level scientific merits. One of the often cited differences between Grids and P2P systems is scale. While grids were traditionally developed around small and close professional communities, P2P systems were from the beginning intended to allow millions of anonymous users to share resources. However, the last years demonstrated an increased interest in scalable and large-scale grids. The articles in this special issue address the problem of larger grids from different directions, contributing ideas and software that may eventually take grids to truly global scale. The first direction is unrestricted participation: grids are often collaborations specialized on a set of predefined projects with limited access to participation. OurGrid, the system presented in “Labs of the World, Unite!!!”, is a free-to-join, already deployed peer-topeer grid. Anyone can join it to gain access to large amounts of computational power collected from the idle resources of all participants. Secure access to resources relies on an incentive mechanism that encourages participation and sharing, and uses virtual machines for resource isolation. An important problem stressed in large-scale systems is trust: while trust can be assumed through out of band means in small, controlled communities, it needs to be explicitly built and maintain in larger, more open groups. Two articles in this issue attack the problem of trust: in “Applying a Trust Brokering System to Resource Matchmaking in Public-Resource Grids,” Azzedin, Maheswaran and Mitra propose a trust J Grid Computing (2006) 4: 223–224 DOI 10.1007/s10723-006-9053-5