How the Portuguese saw their maritime force: Photography of merchant and war vessels in Portugal before the First World War

The Three-Body Problems is a representative work of Liu Cixin, who is a Chinese science fiction writer. This novel tells that humans have triggered the signal of contacting with the three-body civilization outside the universe, so they start a desperate struggle to save the earth. The translation of this book won the 73rd Hugo Award for Best Novel after translated by Liu Yukun, who is a Chinese-American writer. The translator adopted different translation methods to represent the original text to improve the readability and appreciation of the book. The readers not only can obtain the content and but also can feel the writing style of the author while reading. At the same time, the popularity of its English version of also promotes the international process of Chinese science fiction. From the perspective of Morris' semiotic, this article analyzes some cases in English version of this book through semiotic trichotomy to discuss the role of the translator's subjectivity. Morris explained the concepts of syntactics, semantic and pragmatics, which refer to the relationship between the different signs, the signs and referent, signs and interpreter respectively in the Foundation of the Theory of Signs. Translator's Subjectivity refers to a kind of subjective initiative shown by the translator who is the main part in translation process and wants to achieve the translation aims. The author of this article finds some translation phenomena that the translator changes the original content appropriately, resolves the differences between different culture by exerting his creative role in the translation to make the translation closer to the culture and reading habits of target readers. Therefore, the author categorized these different translation phenomena according to the linguistic meaning, designative meaning and pragmatic meaning: Firstly, it is divided into recombination of science fiction elements and synesthesia of dynamic parts of speech according to the relationship of different language signs. The writer often creates some science fiction words that are beyond the real world. The translator uses the method of word-building and reorganizes the root and meaning while dealing with such words. Focusing on some words that the original author uses ABAB-type words to simulate the sound effect, the translator adopts the descriptive explanation to reach the semantic equivalence trough the verb nominalization. Secondly, Referential meaning and literal meaning are not equivalent because of the difference between the language and culture according to the relationship of signs and referents. This article analyzes the translation method of idioms and a two-part allegorical saying in source text. The translator must possess bilingual language and cultural knowledge, analyzing the referential meaning of source text and giving the interpretant by considering context in different language culture, so that reach the equivalence of designative meaning and make up the language vacancy. Thirdly, it is divided into adjustment of chronological order and structure in text as well as annotation on diachronic words. The writer adopts the narrative method of interposition. The translator adjusts the time and space development order of the narrative and revises the frame structure of the original text narrative without changing the meaning. And the translator also divides the article into three parts which reflect the translator's understanding and recreating for source text. In recent years, most of domestic researches focus on the theoretical interpretation and application of Saussure and Pierce's semiotics. There are relatively few literatures that combine Morris semiotics with translation. Moreover, there is no research that combines semiotics with translator's subjectivity. It is a new field to study the literary translation by using semiotics. It is helpful to study the literary translation due to the strong practice guidance and operability of Morris' semiotics. The research in this article expands the research scope of semiotics to a certain extent. It also enriches the research field of semiotics and provides a new theoretical perspective for translation research of science fiction literature.

Reviewed by: Roma Writings: Romani Literature and Press in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century until World War II ed. by Raluca Bianca Roman, Sofiya Zahova and Aleksandar G. Marinov Tomasz Kamusella Roman, Raluca Bianca; Zahova, Sofiya and Marinov, Aleksandar G. (eds). Roma Writings: Romani Literature and Press in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century until World War II. Brill | Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn, 2021. xiii + 276 pp. Tables. Figures. Refences. Annexes. £91.82: €109.00: $124.00: open access e-book. The Roma are Europe’s largest stateless minority. Numbering today up to twelve million people, they live across the entire continent, but especially in its eastern half, with most concentrated in the Balkans. Despite having been [End Page 530] part and parcel of European history and culture for a millennium, until the turn of the twenty-first century, the Roma were typically disregarded and marginalized as a ‘non-people’ or a people ‘without culture or history’. In the modern period the Roma have become a target of a variety of state-sponsored ‘civilizing missions’. As a result, they were thoroughly othered and made into paradigmatic ‘foreigners’, ‘non-Europeans’, in essence a ‘colonial population’ that happens to have been ‘misplaced’ in the midst of Europe. Unsurprisingly, the racist sentiment of antitsiganism (antiromism) became the staple of the continent’s politics, on a par with antisemitism. However, this marginalization of the Roma and the erasure of their presence from European history and politics have been more thorough than of the Jews. For instance, it is rarely remembered that Nazi Germany intended to exterminate in their entirety only two peoples, namely, the Jews and Roma. The voluminous Nuremberg Trials proceedings devote just a quarter of a page to the Roma, though during World War Two the Nazis exterminated half of them. Continuing prejudices and stereotypes not only prevent the integration of the Roma, but also hamper rigorous research on them as a European nation. For instance, one would not be able to pass as a legitimate scholar of German history and culture without a working command of German. Yet, this is still a sorry ‘standard’ among specialists of Romani studies. At times, this attitude leads to tragicomic situations. The volume under review is a fruit of the ERC (European Research Council) project, ‘RomaInterbellum: Roma Civic Emancipation Between the Two World Wars’. The project’s leaders, Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov, count among the world’s most renowned researchers in the field of Romani studies. Yet, some scholars opined on an early draft of this project that it should be rejected, because the Roma are illiterate and have no interest in books and writing, so there is nothing to be found in the archives or in the form of publications. The project’s first volume, Roma Voices in History: A Sourcebook (Leiden and Boston, MA, 2021), at over one thousand pages, gives the lie to this widespread prejudice, showcasing a mere tenth of the archival documents that were found during the past five years. As members of the RomaInterbellum team, the three editors of Roma Writings represent a new generation of Romani studies scholars. Following Marushiakova and Popov’s inspiring example, they apply these standards and methods of research that are the norm in other fields of Europe’s social sciences. Just as Roma Voices shows that Roma history is part and parcel of European history, so now Roma Writings proves that the development and uses of Roma literature are in synch with their European counterparts. The volume appropriately and inclusively defines Roma literature as the body of writings by Roma authors in Romani and other European languages, including translations into Romani (p. 4). This broad church approach allows them to show that, as in the case of many other Central, Southeastern and Eastern European (CSEEE) [End Page 531] literatures, Roma literature commenced in the mid-nineteenth century (p. 11). The development is in line with the ‘Herderian turn’ that especially after 1918 yielded the region’s ethnolinguistic nation-states. In 1985, the Czechoslovak historian Miroslav Hroch proposed the now widely accepted phase model of the rise of ethnolinguistic national movements. The editors...

The article analyzes the forms and directions of social and charitable activities of the Roman Catholic community of Kharkov during the XIX - early XX century. Attention is drawn to the stages of creation and expansion of community through social and cultural events and defines the role of the church in the integration of the representatives of the Roman Catholic religion. The church acted as the central association of the whole community and was the organizer of all public initiatives. Focuses on the fact that Catholics acted within the Polish charitable organizations, and French, and it led to the unification of the representatives of many European Nations, who lived in Kharkov province in this period. Disclosed forms of charity, which was aimed at improving social protection, health care and the establishment of the national educational institutions. It is proved that the representatives of the community took an active part in organizing cultural and social events in the region, showed a high civil position, patriotism, providing assistance to the state during the complex socio-political processes, gave donations municipal charities organizations that operated during the First world war. Keywords: charity, the Roman Catholic community, Catholics, church, national community.

Summary The notion of a (socio-) metabolic transition has been used todescribe fundamental changes in socioeconomic energy andmaterial use during industrialization. During the last century,Japandevelopedfromalargelyagrarianeconomytooneoftheworld’s leading industrial nations. It is one of the few industrialcountries that has experienced prolonged dematerializationand recently has adopted a rigorous resource policy. This arti-cle investigates changes in Japan’s metabolism during industri-alization on the basis of a material flow account for the periodfrom 1878 to 2005. It presents annual data for material ex-traction, trade, and domestic consumption by major materialgroup and explores the relations among population growth,economic development, and material (and energy) use. Dur-ing the observed period, the size of Japan’s metabolism grewby a factor of 40, and the share of mineral and fossil materialsin domestic material consumption (DMC) grew to more than90%. Much of the growth in the Japanese metabolism wasbased on imported materials and occurred in only 20 yearsafter World War II (WWII), when Japan rapidly built up largestocks of built infrastructure, developed heavy industry, andadopted patterns of mass production and consumption. Thesurge in material use came to an abrupt halt with the firstoil crisis, however. Material use stabilized, and the economyeventually began to dematerialize. Although gross domesticproduct (GDP) grew much faster than material use, improve-mentsinmaterialintensityarearelativelyrecentphenomenon.Japanemergesasarolemodelforthemetabolictransitionbutis also exceptional in many ways.www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jie

According to the latest BIMCO and Drewry reports, there is a global shortage of officers for the worlds’ merchant fleet. This article focuses on the South African labour market for officers and examines some of the maritime education and training challenges facing these officers in accessing global labour markets. The paper argues that despite processes of globalisation, the nation state can still be an important actor in shaping global labour markets. Using a qualitative approach, interviews were conducted with 10 key informants in the maritime human resources management sectors in South Africa. Interview data was analysed and coded for themes using NVivo qualitative data analysis software (QSR International Pty Ltd., Version 10, London, UK). This was theoretically informed by Braun & Clarke’s six-step method of thematic analysis. This was combined with a review of labour market statistics to demonstrate that the key challenges facing South African officers are the lack of training berth availability and the lack of South African ship ownership. The solutions adopted by the state includes a limited adoption of best practices adopted by global MET institutions in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, Taiwan and Nigeria. The article contributes to filling the gap in empirical-based maritime studies that are located on Africa.

The Thai commercial fleet can carry about 10 % of the volume of imports and exports. The history of Thai maritime trade is divided into 4 periods: 1) the Sukhothai period (1238-1438); 2) the Ayutthaya (1350-1767) and Thonburi (1767-1782) periods; 3) the early Rattanakosin period (c. 1782-1910), and 4) the first of the national fleet period (1918-1925). The Sukhothai period era involved trade with various foreign countries. In the King Ramkhamhaeng era (1279-1299), trade was prosperous from China via the Gulf of Thailand, and from India via the Indian Ocean. During the Ayutthaya and Thonburi periods, traders of various nationalities came to trade via both the Gulf of Thailand (the South China Sea) and the Indian Ocean. Trading in the Ayutthaya period was a monopoly trade, operated by monarchs and noblemen, and all ships used were Chinese and Southeast Asia (South China Sea) junks. The Rattanakosin period had Siam (now Thailand) enter into the Burney Treaty; the outcome of the agreement was that the country had to cancel its monopoly trade and end trade by the government. The growth of trade increased. The old production structure was self-transformed into production for export. The first of the national fleet period took place during 1918-1925. After World War I (1914-1918), King Rama VI (1910-1925) established a Thai merchant fleet, named “Siam Commercial Maritime Company Limited”, in April, 1918. It was terminated in 1925. On June 22, 1940, the Thai cabinet approved the establishment of Thai Maritime Navigation Company Limited for international maritime shipping. The Thai cabinet terminated this in 2011. The merchant fleet was not growing; because of this lack of a sizeable Thai merchant fleet, there is a lack of negotiating power with foreign merchant fleets. The government must set up a policy to promote the merchant fleet.

The scope of this paper is to analyse the Danube policy of the Allied Powers after the First World War, their intention to create a new international régime, and to hone in on the impact of the Treaty of Trianon, the new Statue of the Danube of 1921 and the distribution of a part of the former Austrian and Hungarian riverine merchant fl eets on the Hungarian navigation on the Danube. Before the end of the World War the Austro-Hungarian riverine merchant fl eet was a dominant factor in the navigation on the Danube. The Allied Powers wanted to break this dominancy and to formulate a new international régime on the Danube favourable for them. These eff orts were present in the peace treaties. The Convention Instituting the Defi nitive Statue of the Danube was signed at Paris in July 1921. The provisions of the Convention formulated by the victors were very unfavourable for Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. To capitalise on the benefi ts provided for them by the peace treaties and the Convention of 1921 in the Danube navigation, it had to create considerable merchant fl eets for Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania. For this scope the peace treaties provided that Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria should cede to the interested Allied Powers certain property pertaining to navigation on the Danube. Upon the decision of arbitrator Walker D. Hines of 2 August 1921, Hungary has lost nearly 50 percent of its Danube merchant fleet.

Parody and satire (and their relations) are redefined on the basis of previous descriptions of these genres. This revision, methodologically founded on an instrumentalist approach, argues the relevance and/or validity of two genre traits for the analysis of Mantel and Torrente's novels. Concerning parody, the requisite that source texts and norms possess an aesthetic or literary nature is refuted and replaced by a more functional, semiotic approach; this semiotic metalanguage is used to describe the diagnoses of Catholicism in the fictional worlds of the novels studied. Concerning satire, the overdetermination and possible orthodoxy of the messages of these novels are shown to be deliberately blurred by the plots imagined by the authors.

The First World War significantly impacted the physical and social landscapes of Vancouver, disrupting the established social conventions that dictated daily life in the pre-war period. Prior to the War, English- Canadian society was circumscribed by patriarchy and colonialism; however, the demographic shift created by the First World War provided a temporary opportunity for women and non-white groups to challenge existing social structures through participation in the war effort. Vancouver’s war effort re-inscribed the city’s built environment as a place of overt imperialism and loyalty to the British Empire, as well as patriotism to a fledgling Canadian nation. Various areas of the city’s built environment was transformed into spaces of militarism and patriotism, localizing the wider processes of global war within the familiar spaces of Vancouver’s home front; these newly defined spaces constantly reinforced duty to the Empire as an integral component of citizenship and subjecthood. This walking tour explores a number of sites located in and around Vancouver’s historical business district (including West Hastings, Pender and Beatty Streets, and Victory Square) that were involved in various home front activities during the First World War. The tour is intended to illustrate the spatiality of Vancouver’s war effort in the downtown area, revealing the lost history of the city’s built environment and how the war effort was deeply embedded into the physical landscape of the city. The tour also discusses the social changes that occurred within these spaces during the First World War, particularly the temporary advancements made by women and Japanese Canadians as a result of their participation in the war effort.

The Turkish Republic emerged onto the world stage as a secular and centralized nation state in the early 1920s from the remnants of the multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual Ottoman Empir...

The essay introduces an approach called the semiotics of tobacco by analyzing one narrative poem. The analyzed poem is Fanrik Stal (1848) by Johan Ludvig Runeberg, the national poet of Finland. Fanrik Stal is traditionally considered nationalistic and patriotic. When analyzed in the context of semiotic of tobacco, the traditional way to interpret it is challenged. In the end, this case analysis of Finnish literature is used as an example of broader problems in representing tobacco in literature in order to establish the approach of the semiotics of tobacco.

NINETEEN THIRTY-FIVE WAS A GOOD YEAR for Canadian-American connection. Prime Minister R. B. Bennett began negotiation of a trade agreement with United States spring. Another leader, Mackenzie King, finished job time to celebrate his success on Armistice Day, 11th of November, from his perspective appropriate occasion to contrast cooperative peoples of America with those of a barbaric Europe.1 O. D. Skelton, King's chief foreign policy adviser as he had been Bennett's, was delighted by substance of freer trade, but even more by its potential for shaping of a North American mind.2 That would distance country from trap of British imperialism and European militarism.THE RISE OF NORTH AMERICANISMThe first four decades of 20th century, period of Skelton's academic and public service career, witnessed rise of a Americanism that went to core of his thought. Americanism was not an organized impulse, nor was it dominant force driving attitudes and policy Canada or United States. But it was on an upwards trajectory during Skelton's adult life.North Americanism came from many directions-from growth of United States' power and ambition, and dimming of British empire's light and authority; from resolution of Canadian-American disputes that had dogged late 19th and early 20th centuries; from sense that a superior American diplomatic structure was taking shape, with International Joint Commission (IJC) as both symbol and evidence of an ability to resolve knotty problems cooperatively; and from continental publicists such as J. T. Shotwell and J. W. Dafoe. It came, too, from intensifying links of economics and culture, and from merchants, doctors, engineers, lawyers, bankers, unionists, bureaucrats, academics, entertainers, and athletes who moved effortlessly and increasingly across border.When Americans and Canadians turned away from world years between two world wars, Americanism took a tighter hold. Sir Robert Falconer, president of University of Toronto, wrote 1925 that America was hope of world: Fear of force is unknown, vessels of war are not seen on lakes nor fortifications on frontier, and such rivalries which exist spring not from incompatible racial ambitions but from legitimate trade between two peoples of mutual affinity and respect. How sad, by comparison, was the plight of Europe: country set against country, race against race, frontiers watched by suspicious guardians, enclaves and fragments of peoples only tolerated by necessity.' Canadians regularly traveled to League of Nations to read what became known, and not a complimentary way, as speech, prescribing IJC's methodologies of investigation, reason, and discussion as a remedy for world's ills. Canadians, Mackenzie King told League 1928, lived in perfect harmony ... with their neighbour to south.4From 1935 into second World War, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, St. Lawrence University, and Queen's University convened large and buoyant Canadian-American relations conferences, alternating between Canadian and American sites and drawing on a wide range of expertise from both countries. In 1936, J. T. Shotwell launched Carnegie's series of scholarly examinations of relationship, which eventually reached 25 sober blue volumes. At first of Canada-US meetings, held upstate New York, J. W. Dafoe, celebrated editor of Winnipeg Free Press, argued that Canada and United States constituted a cultural, intellectual, and moral unity, North American character and range.5 That summarized a broad intellectual trend.6By later 1930s, according to US Chamber of Commerce, there were 11 non-governmental organizations United States pushing for close Canadian-American relations. …

Cet article prolonge une discussion antérieure sur la place de la photographie dans la réflexion sémiotique de Charles S. Peirce, pour préciser dans ce cadre la fonction de l’image photographique comme exemple pour la théorie sémiotique, plutôt que comme objet théorique à part entière. En se basant sur plusieurs textes des années 1890, on montre que Peirce se sert de l’exemple photographique pour illustrer des points théoriques – comme la distinction entre icône et index – plutôt qu’il ne formule une théorie de l’image photographique – comme index, en particulier. Cette pratique de l’exemple photographique est ensuite interrogée dans sa double relation à un contexte historique – celui de la popularisation de la photographie vers 1890-1900 – et à la notion fréquemment invoquée dans la sémiotique peircienne de “savoir collatéral”, connaissance présupposée pour le fonctionnement correct des signes. La dernière partie de l’article propose de réinterroger la valeur d’exemplarité et la notion de connaissance collatérale dans le contexte de la photographie numérique, où certains commentateurs ont vu une mutation radicale de la sémiotique de l’image photographique. Est introduite ici à titre d’hypothèse la notion symétrique de “doute collatéral”, pour tenter de rendre compte d’un certain obscurcissement de la compréhension commune du fonctionnement technique de l’image photographique. Une courte postface indique que cette hypothèse reste à l’état de conjecture et fait état de quelques développements récents dans la discussion sur la vision peircienne de la photographie.

In France, the use of photography in the process of enhancing architectural heritage started as early as the mid-nineteenth century, with surveys of monuments before and after restoration work, identification of national landmark campaigns, and establishment of photographic archives. The analysis of its use by Louis Sauvageot in the restoration of the Gros-Horloge of Rouen in 1889 reveals that its impact is particularly complex and ambiguous. The spread of photography confirmed rather than questioned a stylistic approach that was used more and more in the creation of monuments typical of every historical period. But what is more surprising is the paradoxical effect of the existence in France of extensive photographic documentation of past restorations; there is very low interest in these archives demonstrated by those involved with the restorations of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Misunderstandings created by the transformations of these monuments are fed by a forgetfulness of past restorations and by the distribution of inaccurately dated photographic reproductions. These errors multiply the effects of the poor interpretation of astonishing historical hybrids created by the restorers of the nineteenth century.

Based on linguistic and cultural references, Taiwanese films are often categorized as non-canonic ones. With the flourishing of Cape No.7 which is released in 2008, Taiwanese films have started reaching international audiences, and the subtitles between multi-linguistic Taiwanese and English have thus become particularly important. In Taiwan, the multilingualism can no longer be ignored. The code-mixing, colloquialism, idioms, cultural-related puns and pop-songs pose the challenge to audiovisual translators, along with certain restrictions which operate in subtitling. Taking Seven Days in Heaven (父後七日) as a case study, this paper will examine the effects of English subtitles on Taiwanese film, and discuss the difficulties associated with culture-related untranslatability in translation. Because of the time and space, subtitle translation is a triggering problem (Diaz, 2007; Egoyan & Balfour, 2004 ; Gambier, 1997; Gottlieb, 1994 ; Yang, 2008). In order to grasp the insight of audio-visual translation, the data of the specifically-designed questionnaire, completed by 210 students from I-Shou University in Taiwan, will be analyzed, and with the support of translation theories, particular translation strategies will be provided. The translation of subtitle attempts inevitably to bridge the cultural and linguistic gaps. Seeing from this perspective, translation theories and views, such as domestification and foreignization, equivalence, interlinguistic translation, semiotics, polysystem, and descriptive translation, will be further explored, while searching for the solutions to subtitle translation with the cultural bound topics. The purpose of this study is to investigate how English subtitles cater the need of the minority language - Taiwanese. According to Venuti’s (1995) translation theory, it is essential to make a decision of applying domestification or foreignization to help the audience comprehend the movie immediately. Is subtitle translation the continuing life of the movie as Benjamin (1923) proposed? Moreover, which strategy can fulfill the communicative function? And to which level? The issues of rewriting, invisibility of the subtitlers and the continuing life of the source text will be discussed to support our strategic process, designed on purpose for catching the spirit of subtitle translation and for fulfilling its semantic and cultural functions.