How public open spaces co-construct solitary experiences in densely populated urban environments.

In spite of a Flemish planning policy that strived the last decennia at conserving the city (or urban areas) and countryside both as functionally and morphologically separable entities and as antipoles, it is observed that due to an unrestrained suburbanisation city and countryside become increasingly interwoven in Flanders. People still reproduce space in these two spatial categories but society and governments are no longer capable in producing this symbolic space in a physical and social way. It is clear that a top-down imposed, uniformising planning discourse is not able to get a grip on present urbanising processes and therefore alternative story-lines are needed. An alternative story line of ‘open space as public space’, points at the societal importance of public space and could be useful in understanding the challenges in present network society. In a context in which almost the entire Flemish space is ‘urban’, open-space-fragments seem to be able to fulfil a role as public space and have to become structuring spatial elements for further urbanisation. Three success factors in (designing) planning the open space seem to have the potential to be a lot more essential to the spatial visioning on open space fragments/rural areas than the current functional delineation of parts of the natural and agricultural structure. At the same time it is clear that multifunctional agriculture (MFA), meeting a broad spectrum of societal demands, is strongly related to the critical success factors for a good functioning of ‘public open space’, not on the reference scale of urban public space but on that of the collective open space at the regional level. A financing construction, which contains three possible alternative financing mechanisms for collective services, has a lot of potential in reinforcing the ‘public open space’. A proactive and offensive role of governments seems crucial in setting up this financing construction.

For half a century, continuous political and economic challenges in Khartoum, Sudan have perpetuated social inequity in the urban environment across generations. Poor-quality informal public open spaces compensate for the absence of accessible developed public spaces for the urban poor. Although there is a high supply and distribution of public open spaces within low-income neighbourhoods, yet, they are hardly noticed as a development opportunity for enhancing an aspect of life quality. Thus, this paper attempts to utilise the above-mentioned possibility by asking the question of how can public open spaces in low-income neighbourhoods be utilised? Aiming to identify suitable strategies of improvement. Through an exploratory investigation with an inductive component on public open spaces in developing countries, with Khartoum State in Sudan as a focal point, the methods are based on observations, desk research, literature review, and analysis of case studies. Furthermore, by highlighting the importance of public open spaces to individuals and local communities in the literature review, this study generates an Integrated Tri-pillar Framework (ITF) that is based on society, built environment, and economy to define overlapping contextual placemaking approaches and strategies for improving neighbourhood public open spaces in developing countries like Sudan. The framework links theory to practise, and is mobilised through analysing and interpreting analogous case studies on the success of public open spaces in African cities that share similarities in context with Khartoum, Sudan. The analysis hints at the possibility of empowering groups to take control in shaping their surrounding environment could lead to a greater sense of ownership and responsibility towards public spaces, potentially contributing to the creation of more active inclusive spaces. Finally, this study attempts to add to the limited academic work on this topic in Sudan, and concludes with holistic recommendations for upgrading public open spaces at the neighbourhood level.

Public open spaces are important resources for physical activity. Observational studies conducted in Western countries found that public open spaces users tend to be mostly sedentary, while a few studies conducted in Asia (China, Thailand) reported more active patterns of public open spaces use. To better understand in what ways public open spaces are used in Asia, we examined how active and sedentary public open spaces users were in Bangladesh and the Philippines, where no research on this topic has been conducted. We collected data from adult visitors of 10 public open spaces using on-site intercept surveys, in which they reported the duration of active and sedentary use of public open spaces. The mean total time spent in public open spaces by 804 participants was 53 min (standard deviation: 19 min). A high level of active public open spaces use was observed: about 70% of the time in public open spaces was active (65% in Bangladesh, 73% in the Philippines). However, women and older adults were less active in public open spaces than their counterpart. Our findings suggest that producing more public open spaces and promoting public open spaces use in these Asian countries may help to increase adults’ physical activity. Future research should identify features of public open spaces that can encourage women and older adults to engage in active public open spaces use.

BackgroundLow physical activity levels and high levels of sedentary time among adolescents call for population wide interventions. Public open spaces can be important locations for adolescents’ physical activity. This study aimed to describe the prevalence, frequency and context of public open space visitation and to gain insight into the individual, social and physical environmental factors associated with public open space use among 12- to 16-year-old Flemish (Belgian) adolescents.MethodsGlobal positioning system devices, accelerometers and one-on-one interviews were used to measure location-specific activity levels, time spent at, reasons for using and accompaniment at public open spaces among 173 adolescents. Multilevel hurdle and gamma models were used to estimate the associations between the independent variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, sport club membership and accompaniment) and the amount of time, sedentary time, light-, moderate- to vigorous- and vigorous-intensity physical activity at public open spaces.ResultsThree out of four participants had visited a public open space (for recreational purposes) and participants were most often accompanied by friends/classmates. Mainly public transportation stops/stations were used, and subsequently the most reported reason for public open space use was “to wait for something or someone”. Furthermore, boys, younger adolescents, non-western-European adolescents and lower educated adolescents were more likely to use public open spaces. Additionally, boys and younger adolescents were more likely to accumulate physical activity at public open spaces. The only social environmental variable associated with time spent at public open spaces was accompaniment by siblings: adolescents spent more time at public open spaces when accompanied by their siblings.ConclusionsPublic open spaces may be effective areas to promote physical activity among groups at risk for physical inactivity (i.e. low educated and non-western-European adolescents). Additionally, girls and older adolescents were less likely to visit and be physically active at public open spaces. Therefore, urban planners should consider adding attractive features, in order to encourage physical activity among girls and older adolescents at public open spaces. Furthermore, creating public open spaces that are attractive for youth of all ages could contribute to adolescents visiting public open spaces accompanied by siblings.

Environment through the provision of parks and green open spaces (RTH), is carried out area and number of residents spread across the Jambi. urban areas is very necessary. Parks are needed to maintain land availability, as water catchment areas, which can play a role in helping water absorption, so that the supply of water in the ground (water saving) increases and reduces the potential for flooding, by reducing the amount of water runoff. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with research from the Jambi City Statistics Center (BPS). The research was carried out in the Administrative Region of Jambi City. The results of the analysis provision of public green space based on the area need for public green open space in Jambi City is 3,617.50 ha. The available public open space area is around 779.02 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in the area of 2,838.48 ha, and the provision of public green open space based on population according to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number. 5 of 2008 it can be seen that the need for a park area in Jambi City is 1,243.70 ha. The available garden area is approximately 188,388.27 m2 or 18.84 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in area shortage of 1,224.86 ha. Jambi City over the past 13 years (2020-2033) Some strategies Increasing the area of public open space in fulfilling intrinsic and extrinsic functions, socializing the availability of green space functions for life and the environment and Spatial planning that is equal to 20% for public open space from the total area of the city. The area of green open space in Jambi City is only 779.02 ha and is very far from the area of Jambi City which is ± 20,538 ha.

Based on Spatial Planning Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, Article 29 states that the proportion of public green open space is 20% of the city area. In Tebing Tinggi City, based on the 2013-2033 RTRW of Tebing Tinggi City, it is stated that Public RTH covers an area of ​​approximately 72.49 Ha or 1.89% of the city area, which means it is not in accordance with the mandate of Spatial Planning Law No. 26 2007 concerning Spatial Planning. This research was conducted to assess the availability of existing public green open space in Tebing Tinggi City based on image interpretation techniques, spatial distribution, the area of ​​existing public green open space, the service radius of existing public green open space, and the suitability of existing public green open space land. This type of research uses quantitative research and uses spatial analysis techniques. The results identified as many as 60 public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City with an accuracy score of 86.36%, which means that the interpretation is considered correct because the spatial distribution pattern of public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City is random because the distribution of public green open spaces is not evenly distributed in all sub-districts in Tebing Tinggi City. From the results of the spatial distribution pattern, digitization was then carried out with the result that the total public open space area was 105.27 Ha, which was dominated by the burial area of ​​59.67 Ha or 57.07%. Then, based on each area of ​​green open space obtained, a topological classification of public green open space is carried out, consisting of 7 typologies of green open space, namely City Forest, City Park, District Park, Village Park, RW Park, RT Park, Cemetery and Green Belt, which is then analyzed. Service radius. As a result, it is known that the City of Tebing Tinggi has not been served optimally by public green open space because there is not yet one type of public green open space typology that is capable of serving the city of Tebing Tinggi based on buffer analysis carried out using ArcGis. The only public green open space whose service radius almost covers the city of Tebing Tinggi is the cemetery whose existing existence is capable of serving 99.19 percent of the area of ​​the city of Tebing Tinggi. Finally, a land suitability analysis was carried out between the existing public green open space and the Tebing Tinggi City RTRW for 2013-2033 which resulted in land suitability of 79.92%. Meanwhile, the remaining 20.08% was designated for areas that were not public green open space.

Behaviour in public open spaces: A systematic review of studies with quantitative research methods

The revitalization and renewal of existing urban space is a primary objective in the redevelopment of high-density transit-oriented development (TOD) areas. In this context, offering incentive zoning bonuses is a critical tool for optimizing urban space. However, in some subway-adjacent plots with high building densities, traditional incentive zoning methods face limitations due to insufficient horizontal space. These areas increasingly rely on multi-ground public spaces to balance density with public services. This study investigates new methods of incentive zoning between commercial areas and public spaces in multi-ground public spaces within subway-adjacent plots, using 33 rail transit complexes in Shanghai, China, as the research subject. The findings are presented in the form of visual guidelines to provide guidance on architectural control, with the goal of enhancing the quality of urban public spaces. In this research, a multiple linear regression model is employed, using GNCS_AR (the ratio of ground non-commercial stay to area), which captures both efficiency and equity in public space quality, as the dependent variable. A model is developed in SPSS, incorporating independent variables such as TCA (total commercial area), POS (public open space area), PIS (public indoor space area), and MGZFs (multi-ground zoned floors). This model provides a framework for developers to manage and control public space in multi-ground settings within rail transit complexes. Research has found that MGZFs alone cannot be included as the independent variable in the model, as their absence leaves the model unable to explain three-dimensional spaces. However, incorporating the ratio of RIOPS (the ratio of indoor to outdoor public space) to MGZFs significantly improves the model’s correlation and explanatory capacity. The resulting model demonstrates that, under different POS and MGZF tiers, the influence of PIS and TCA on public space quality varies. Using a typological approach, the study categorizes these complexes into five tiers based on POS and MGZFs. Within the same tier, changes in PIS and TCA types lead to variations in public space quality. The empirical results are translated into diagrams that link data, forms, and indicators to guide the development of three-dimensional spaces. These diagrams, which can be named visual guidelines, provide practical guidelines for optimizing public spaces in these subway-adjacent plots.

Population development and growth have triggered the need for public space. Unfortunately, the existence of public open space is increasingly neglected. Limited land also triggers the use of public open space for various activities depending on the need of the users who use the open space interchangeably. This type of open space is called temporary public open space. There have been many studies examining public space, where writers have focused on the presence of public space in the open space in their city for various activities. The phenomenon of the presence of temporary public open space is viewed from production space theory and the perspective of environmental science towards sustainability. The phenomenon of temporary public space in the city of Kampung Paseban is one example that has provided a larger negative impact than positive impact, resulting in exceeding the environmental capacity. The purpose of this research is to develop a framework of a sustainable temporary public open space concept that will not disturb the balance of ecological, social and economic aspects. This research applies qualitative methods, i.e. to understand the phenomenon in the field comprehensively by conducting observations and interviews with local people about the presence of temporary public open space. The results of this research indicate that the presence of temporary public open space is essential and is influenced by people’s use of time and behaviour. To implement a sustainable temporary public open space, community empowerment is needed using cooperation between the public sector, private sector and community. A recommendation from this research is that the developed conceptual framework needs to be quantitatively analysed with SEM, to determine the influence of the involved variables.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), a highly contagious respiratory virus, has spread to more than 200 countries and regions. The high number of Covid-19 cases has led to various regulations regarding social restrictions. Some of the changes that occurred due to the Covid-19 pandemic changed the socio-spatial structure and affected physical and psychological well-being and overall quality of life. The impact of Covid-19 has also occurred in the Summarecon Bekasi settlement, which provides facilities, a commercial center, and various public open spaces that the people of Bekasi City widely use to become more restricted. Researchers used a qualitative approach and descriptive qualitative analysis techniques with interview observations and documentation as the data sources. Research on public open spaces in Summarecon Bekasi, including downtown walk, waterfront, pedestrian paths, and bus stop shuttle bus, shows that these public spaces cannot fulfill all variable indicators of public open space readiness in dealing with post-pandemic conditions Covid-19. The results obtained are based on the weighting of values from the results of observational studies and interviews on each variable indicator of public open spaces. The empirical mean value of public open spaces in Summarecon Bekasi is 89, which is still below the hypothetical mean value of 110 and is at the lower limit of the category 'Not Enough .'Thus, to overcome the condition of public open spaces that are not yet adaptive to Covid-19, a structuring model is designed for public open spaces in Summarecon Bekasi. This structuring model is expected to reduce the percentage probability of social disasters such as the Covid-19 pandemic or other similar things.

Urban public open spaces refer to open space between architectural structures in a city or urban agglomeration that is open for urban residents to conduct public exchanges and hold various activities. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.7 in the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly states that the distribution characteristics of public open spaces are important indicators to measure the sustainable development of urban ecological society. In 2018, in order to implement the sustainable development agenda, China offered the example of Deqing to the world. Therefore, taking Deqing as an example, this paper uses geographic statistics and spatial analysis methods to quantitatively evaluate and visualize public open spaces in the built area in 2016 and analyzes the spatial pattern and relationship of the population. The results show that the public open spaces in the built-up area of Deqing have typical global and local spatial autocorrelation. The spatial pattern shows obvious differences in different parts of the built area and attributes of public open spaces. According to the results of correlation analysis, it can be seen that the decentralized characteristics of public open spaces have a significant relationship with the population agglomeration, and this correlation is also related to the types of public open spaces. The assessment results by SDG 11.7.1 indicate that the public open spaces in the built-up area of Deqing conform to the living needs of residents on the whole and have a humanized space design and good accessibility. However, the per capita public open spaces of towns and villages outside the built area are relatively low, and there is an imbalance in public open spaces. Therefore, more attention should be paid to constructing urban public open spaces fairly.

In urban space, public space is publicly or privately owned space freely accessible by the public. Privately owned public space to the public hosts small-scale rest facilities to serve the public in buildings of certain purposes and sizes for the sake of pleasant urban environment. The Building Act and building ordinances formulate a set of criteria for management and easement of construction standards as well as the area. When creating privately owned public space, one can get incentives through the easement of floor space index and height limit. The purposes of this study were to investigate and analyze privately owned public open space, which is freely accessible by the public, and its adjacent streets and to propose plans to improve the regulations for securing privately owned public space for more rational and practical legal applications. The study then proposed some plans to help to increase the quality of privately owned public space including applying the coefficient to suggest the type of privately owned public space fit for the features of the streets and measure the appropriate utility level differently and distinguishing the mandatory items according to the facility regulations in privately owned public space from the ones qualified for additional points in case of installation. The types of privately owned public open space should be applied differently and the content of facilities intended should be different according to whether it will serve as a resting place or grant more importance on traffic by walking, depending on the features of its adjacent streets. The privately owned public space, the frontage space of building, and the adjacent sidewalks should become a whole and be regarded as one space from the integrated perspective. The results of the study claim further significance in that it investigated privately owned open space and roadside across Seoul. They will serve as useful data to solve the problems with the privately owned public space of the city, which destroys spatial continuity by focusing on the quantitative increase of privately owned open space and creating individual privately owned open spaces and builds high-rise buildings alienated from the existing spaces, and to increase the quality of future privately owned public space.

Budget constraints are a common problem in Indonesian cities to provide attractive and attractive public open space. There is a need for cooperation between all parties, not only the government but also the private sector and society. These conditions encourage the Semarang City government to increase stakeholder collaboration in the provision of public green open space, one of which is in the development of Taman Indonesia Kaya. The purpose of this study is to examine the model of the collaboration process, the involvement and role of each stakeholder and the sustainability of collaboration. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods, data collection using observations and interviews on each stakeholder element, namely government, private and public. The results show that the collaboration process model starts from face to face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding between stakeholders until the realization of attractive and attractive public green open space development. However, the sustainability of collaboration is a big challenge going forward. The structure of cooperation is not yet supported by clear institutional design, so that government courage and innovation are needed to determine the form of structural governance in collaborative management of public green open space. Collaboration should be carried out over the long term and use a networked administrative organization model so that the network that is built is in an administrative entity. The model is expected to create efficiency management and support the sustainability of collaboration.

This study addressed factors influencing public open space vandalisation trends and transmutation roots in South-eastern Nigeria. To achieve the aim of the study, the research considered: public open space vandalisation and reasons for vandalising public recreational open spaces. The research adopted field investigations method via case study approach which involved descriptive survey research design through field observation, questionnaire administration and oral interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data research methods were employed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the study demonstrated that urban indifference and insensitivity contributed marginally to public recreational open space vandalisation and conversion in the sampled urban areas. Besides, vandalisation contributed immensely to increased loss of interest in public recreation as a result leads to disregard of public recreational open spaces. This prompted a high rate of conversion of public recreational spaces in South-Eastern Nigeria as the management abandoned some of the recreational spaces, with dissuading costs like obesity, boredom and insomnia. To resolve these abnormally, there is the need to engage in spatial services to both monitor and predict future occurrences in the management of public recreational open spaces in South-eastern Nigeria. Besides, the private sector should be encouraged to invest in open space operations in the sampled states. Key Word: Vandalisation, Public Open Space Management, Recreation, Open Space Conversion, Conversion Root

The multisensory interaction between auditory, visual, and thermal to the overall comfort in public open space: A study in a tropical climate