How Parental Support Influences Children’s Beliefs in Social Mobility: The Mediating Role of Perceived Parental Expectations

Parents’ role in children’s ethnic identity development was examined among 95 immigrant Chinese families with young adolescents living in Canada. Children reported their feelings of ethnic identity and perceptions of parental family obligation expectations. Parents reported their family obligation expectations; parents and children reported on parenting practices. Mothers’ expectations, but not fathers’, were positively associated with children’s feelings of ethnic identity. This relation was mediated by children’s perceptions of parental expectations, suggesting that children must first perceive their parents’ expectations for these expectations to influence their ethnic identity. More positive parenting practices were related to stronger feelings of ethnic identity. Mothers’ parenting practices moderated the relations between mothers’ expectations and children’s ethnic affirmation and belonging. The results suggest immigrant mothers’ family obligation expectations provide an avenue for positive family identification and ethnic culture learning opportunities that may encourage children’s ethnic identity development.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a multidimensional concept that involves objective markers, such as income, education, and occupation, along with subjective data, which indicate how people perceive their socioeconomic position. Gaps and the lack of linear relationships in objective SES data have supported the need to include subjective markers. This study evaluates the effect of certain critical predictors on the subjective SES of small-scale aquaculture producers in Central-Southern Chile, addressing a gap in research. We explore the impact of income, education, occupational settings, social capital, and subjective health status on self-reports of current and future subjective socioeconomic status. We use primary data collected through a government-funded project. The fieldwork included a face-to-face survey implemented between February and March 2017 with 225 participants, all located in the Bio-Bio or Lagos regions of Chile. Bi-probit regression models were applied to test how the current and future subjective SES is affected by the following variables: engaging small-scale aquaculture production, having a secondary occupation, harvesting two or more different resources, maintaining extended social networks to cope with economic problems, subjective health status, average monthly income from aquaculture or fishery, perceptions about how difficult it is to find alternative work, and education as means for personal and occupational development. The results show that engaging in small-scale aquaculture positively affects current and future subjective socioeconomic status. Income is a robust predictor of present and future socioeconomic status. Education loses relevance on subjective SES later in life, whereas social capital gains importance.

Adaptive educational expectations: How do parental educational expectations respond to child academic performance in various family contexts?

There have been increasing concerns about the significant decline in teenagers’ intentions to pursue STEM subjects or careers. This study examined how students’ perceptions of parental expectations, STEM cultural capital, mathematics/science self-efficacy, gender, and parents’ jobs were associated with STEM career aspirations and tested whether these associations differed by school level. Data were collected from 1,864 junior and 665 senior secondary students in Hong Kong via an online survey. Results indicated that, perceived parental long-term expectations were closely linked to STEM career aspirations, whereas, perceived parental short-term expectations were closely linked to self-efficacy. Out-of-school STEM experiences and STEM media consumption both had positive impacts on aspirations and shaped different aspects of students’ perceived parental expectations. Additionally, significant gender differences were found in STEM media consumption, self-efficacy, and aspirations. These relationships mainly were invariant across school levels. However, the indirect paths from STEM media consumption to aspirations via self-efficacy varied significantly between junior and senior secondary students. Based on these findings, this study argues for the essential role of perceived parental expectations in shaping STEM career aspirations for teenagers. STEM cultural capital may be more productive and supportive if it promotes teenagers’ interpretations of parental expectations and their mathematics and science self-efficacy.

Championing Social Mobility

Academic burnout is a global issue that frequently manifests in daily life. This phenomenon often adversely affects students’ psychological and physical development. In Asian families, parental educational expectations regarding junior high school students’ academic burnout are frequently overlooked. The persistent perception of excessive coursework and homework as the sole contributing factors to academic burnout, combined with the traditional Chinese “expectations for children’s success” mindset that views parental high expectations as a natural expression of care, has resulted in limited empirical research. This study investigates junior high school students’ perceptions of parental expectations and their impact on academic burnout through statistical analysis. Using questionnaire-based quantitative research methods, this study demonstrates a significant correlation between parental educational expectations and academic burnout among junior high school students. The findings reveal a dual effect: moderate parental expectations can positively motivate students, whereas excessive expectations significantly contribute to emotional exhaustion and disengagement. This suggests that the quality and communication of expectations, rather than their mere presence, are critical factors in student well-being. Ultimately, this research underscores the necessity of fostering realistic parental goals and open parent-child dialogue to mitigate academic pressure and support the healthy psychological development of adolescents.

The authors consider two hypotheses for crowding at the lower-secondary level and the reversal in intergenerational mobility: 1) the economic crisis of the 1980s and 2) institutional barriers to the continued expansion of schooling. Though the crisis appears to have played a role we find evidence that institutional barriers are also important. The existence of these barriers is problematic for the long-term prospects of educational expansion because it suggests a deep-rooted limit of the system and not just a temporary setback. This article proceeds as follows. Section II discusses the links between schooling inequality intergenerational mobility in schooling and income inequality. Section III describes the data and provides an overview of educational expansion over the past 47 years. Section IV establishes trends in intergenerational schooling mobility. Section V ponders the causes and implications of the recent slowdown in schooling mobility and Section VI concludes. (excerpt modified)

Parental expectations are influenced by cultural models, which in turn are subject to a great influence from historically fluctuating features of the socioeconomic background. Parental expectations seem to be linked to children’s social and emotional development in terms of empathy and prosocial behavior. The current study aims to (a) compare low-income adolescents’ perceptions of parental expectations of prosocial and antisocial behavior across three Latin countries (Argentina, Colombia, and Spain), (b) compare the empathy and prosocial behavior between the three countries, (c) compare the prosocial behavior between the three countries, and (d) study the effect of perceived parental expectations and empathy on the prosocial behavior of adolescents in all three of the countries studied in this research. The sample was made up of 446 Argentinean adolescents, 474 Colombian adolescents, and 632 Spanish adolescents. The Expected Parental Reactions Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire were used to measure the variables included in this study. Results reveal considerable differences between children’s perceptions of parental expectations in different countries. Results also show the existence of significant differences between male and female adolescents. In all three countries, girls score more highly than boys in prosocial behavior and empathy. Furthermore, we find that low-income Argentinean adolescents score more highly than Spanish and Colombian adolescents in prosocial behavior measures. Finally, expected parental reactions toward prosocial behavior and empathy seem to have an influence on the adolescents’ development of prosocial behavior in all three countries.

Family socioeconomic status and home-based parental involvement: A mediation analysis of parental attitudes and expectations

Previous studies document the clustering of major psychiatric disorders (MPDs) - schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety - among siblings. Few studies have, however, examined whether MPDs during childhood and early adulthood are associated with siblings' future socioeconomic status (SES). This cohort study included 57,537 full siblings, 4653 paternal, and 5053 maternal half-siblings of individuals with MPDs (affected probands) born in Finland between 1970 and 1990. We defined the reference groups as identical types of siblings of individuals without an MPD diagnosis (unaffected probands) and followed both siblings of the affected and unaffected probands until December 31, 2020. MPDs diagnosed among the affected probands at ages 5-25 was obtained from the Finnish Care Register. Their siblings' SES was measured based on employment status, annual disposable income, and educational achievement. Logistic regression, median regression, and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to estimate the associations. Compared to the siblings of the unaffected probands, the odds of unemployment at the end of follow-up were 35% higher (95% CI: 1.31-1.39) in full siblings of affected probands with an MPD. Full siblings of affected probands were also more likely not to achieve a higher education level (aOR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.24-1.31). The median annual disposable income was 1255.9 EUR lower (95% CI: -1385.6, -1126.3) in full siblings of affected probands. Similar but weaker associations were observed in maternal and paternal half-siblings. Results from GEE models using repeated measurements of income and unemployment were similar. Our findings suggest that the socioeconomic consequences associated with MPDs extend to siblings.

This study aims to investigate the correlation between perception of parental expectations and academic stress in tahfidz class students in MTsN 1 Bukittinggi city. This study uses a correlational quantitative method. Data collection was carried out offline by distributing questionnaires. The technique in taking samples was carried out in total sampling, involving 95 students from the superior class of tahfidz grades 7, 8, and 9 as participants. The data produced was analyzed using a product moment correlation test. The results of this study showed a significant positive correlation between students' perception of parents' expectations and the level of academic stress among students of the superior class of tahfidz in MTsN 1 Bukittinggi City, with a correlation coefficient value of 0.705. This shows that the higher the perception related to parental expectations, the higher the academic stress of tahfidz class students in MTsN 1 Bukittinggi City.

While parental influences on adolescent health behaviors are well recognized, there is limited understanding of the relationship between adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ expectations and their sexual behaviors. This mixed-methods study explored how White and Asian American adolescents perceive parental expectations via parent–child interactions, and how such expectations relate to adolescents’ self-reported sexual activities over time. Using gender-matched, in-depth interviews with 28 White and Asian American adolescents, ages 17 to 19, we explored adolescents’ perceptions of parental expectations about when, how, and under what conditions adolescents should engage in sexual activity. Stronger conservative parental sexual expectations and disapproving parental attitudes were closely related to later sexual debut and fewer sexual partners. Perceived closeness determined the degree to which adolescents respected and incorporated their parents’ beliefs, values, and sexual expectations. Future research should focus on developing family strategies to utilize the concept of perceived parental expectations.

A total of 378 4 th and 5 th grade elementary school students (194 boys and 184 girls) participated in a study investigating the direct and indirect effects (through self-esteem and/or achievement motivation) of children's perceptions of parental expectations on school happiness. First, parental expectations did not have a direct effect on children's levels of school happiness. Second, parental expectations did not have an indirect effect on children's school happiness through self-esteem. Children who perceived higher levels of parental expectations showed higher levels of self-esteem, but the path from children's self-esteem to school happiness was not significant. Third, parental expectations had an indirect effect on children's levels of school happiness through achievement motivation. Children who perceived higher levels of parental expectations showed higher levels of achievement motivation, and children with higher levels of achievement motivation reported higher levels of school happiness. Finally, parental expectations indirectly influenced children's school happiness through self-esteem and achievement motivation. These findings suggest that both

Parental expectations can affect psychological health such as anxiety, fear of failure and depression, with a focus on how parental expectations affect the anxiety levels of individuals undergoing physical training. This study used a quantitative approach with a correlational method to analyze data collected from 155 respondents. The results showed a significant positive correlation between perceptions of parental expectations and performance anxiety. Higher parental expectations were associated with increased levels of anxiety in participants. This relationship suggests that pressure to meet parental expectations can lead to increased anxiety, which can ultimately affect participant performance during physical training. This study highlights the importance of understanding the psychological impact of parental expectations on individuals in stressful environments. Parents are expected to provide support and realistic expectations to help reduce anxiety and improve their children's performance outcomes.

Purpose This paper aims to shed light on the relationship between intergenerational labor mobility and tax morale among European citizens, given the relatively limited evidence on the potential influence of tax compliance behavior on future inequalities. Design/methodology/approach Exploiting data from the European Values Study (2008), we show that the larger the intergenerational mobility, i.e. better economic conditions of children respect to their parents, the larger the willingness to pay taxes. In this vein, the subjective tax payment may be meant as an investment which could be rewarded with a more mobile society result by considering different estimation strategies. This evidence remarks the importance to foster intergenerational mobility to build a more tax-compliant society. Findings The linkage between mobility and tax morale is stronger and significant across citizens living in high income classes, and in countries where there is a commitment of the Government in guaranteeing more opportunities to citizens regardless of their familiar starting conditions (more defamiliarized countries). We further show that the intergenerational mobility significantly shapes the attitude towards tax payment only among individuals who claim for independence from their family context (i.e. those showing less family ties). This evidence remarks the importance to foster intergenerational mobility to build a more tax-compliant society. Originality/value We revisit the linkage between attitude toward tax compliance and inequality, on the light of the intergenerational labor mobility, that may be seen as the dependence between children's and parents' earnings. Given the insights from the existing studies, this paper represents the first empirical work that aims to analyze the potential relationship between intergenerational mobility and personal attitude toward tax payment across European citizens.