How lifestyle, social determinants of health, and sex shape life expectancy in China

Addressing Social Determinants of Mental Health in Pediatrics During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

Ten years have passed since the release of the final report of the World Health Organization (WHO) Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH),1 a landmark document that provided a global blue‐print for the health promotion community and the stakeholders we work with. Three overarching recommendations were outlined, improving daily living conditions; tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources; and measuring and understanding the problem and assessing the impact of action.1 The extent to which progress has been, and continues to be, made is contested. This editorial briefly reflects on what has been achieved over the past decade—in broad terms—about action on the social determinants of health (SDH) in Australia. We deliberately take a balanced view by highlighting the weaknesses and strengths in what has been achieved by governments, non‐government organisations, research institutions, peak bodies and civil society. We also reflect on the ongoing role that the Australian Health Promotion Association (AHPA) has played in advancing our understanding about, and action on, the SDH.

Spatial variations and social determinants of life expectancy in China, 2005–2020: A population-based spatial panel modelling study

Understanding Social Determinants of Brain Health During Development.

There has been a growing trend in health spending and renewable energy consumption in China over the past few decades, which has positive implications for health outcomes, such as life expectancy. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to empirically analyze the impact of health expenditures and renewable energy on life expectancy in China. We used the time series data from 2000Q1 to 2020Q4 and applied the VECM approach for the data analysis. The results of this study suggest a long run association between health spending, life expectancy and renewable energy. The increase in health spending improves life expectancy, while renewable energy consumption also positively affects life expectancy in China. Therefore, the government should allocate sufficient funding to the health sector in order to attain higher life expectancy in the country. In addition, the government should also provide incentives for the consumption and production of renewable energy, which could help to achieve the sustainable development goal and life expectancy.

ObjectiveThis study investigates life expectancy and trade openness in China for the period 1960–2018.MethodsWe purposed a theoretical model that is tested for China by applying regime-switching regression.ResultsOur findings suggest that trade openness increases life expectancy in China; trade affects life expectancy from two aspects; firstly, trade expansion and industrialization lead to high economic activities and resulted in raise the income of the people in society leading to improve life expectancy. Secondly, industrial expansion increases the CO2 emissions which leads to imposes a negative implication on human health and thus reduces life expectancy.ConclusionThus, the net effect of trade liberalization depends on the value of income effect and volume of CO2 emissions. Therefore, the government needs to support the trade policies which causes a low level of CO2 emissions, the government may provide incentives to exports and industrialists to adopted green energy in the production process. Besides, the government may impose some regulations such as carbon tax to mitigate the CO2 emissions in society.

Social determinants of racial health inequities

Disparities in Vision Health and Eye Care: Where Do We Go from Here?

Significance. Analyzing the complex impact of social determinants on population health is extremely important for methodological development of strategies on public health improvement. The purpose of the study was to develop recommendations on incorporating social determinants of health into the strategy development methodology for public health improvement. Material and methods. Desk research: analysis of foreign and Russian scientific literature related to the introduction of the term “social determinants of health” as a methodological basis for developing strategies on public health improvement on the basis of international research (the search was conducted against Scopus and Pubmed online databases using the keyword “social determinants of health”). An online quantitative survey and 2 focus groups were conducted as well. Results. Social determinants of health refer to broad categories of causes, factors and resources that have a direct and indirect impact on public health. The components of the social determinants of public health include economic stability in society, access to education, infrastructure and living environment, as well as a social context and inclusiveness of society in which people live. Taking into account the impact of social determinants on public health in planning and delivering medical services is still a novelty in the medical scientific discourse as well as care delivery practice in our country. The study results indicate a high potential of using the term “social determinants of public health” as a methodological basis for developing strategies to improve public health and show that health managers and doctors can have a greater influence on access to health services and educational information in the field of public health, as well as norms and values of society that contribute to a widespread and cultural imprinting of behavioral practices related to health maintenance. There is a lack of high quality, multidimensional and comprehensive screening tools for social determinants of public health. In this regard, there is a need to develop a new integral indicator “the index of quality evaluation of social determinants” to be introduced into the practice of public health evaluation. Scope of application. The authors propose recommendations for health authorities and attending physicians to develop strategies on improving public health, with due regard to the social construct of “social determinants of health”.

Academic health centers (AHCs) in the United States have had a leading role in educating the medical workforce, generating new biomedical knowledge, and providing tertiary and quaternary clinical care. Yet the health status of the U.S. population lags behind almost every other developed world economy. One reason is that the health care system is not organized optimally to address the major driver of health status, the social determinants of health (SDOH). The United States' overall poor health status is a reflection of dramatic disparities in health that exist between communities and population groups, and these are associated with variations in the underlying SDOH. Improving health status in the United States thus requires a fundamental reengineering of the health delivery system to address SDOH more explicitly and systematically. AHCs' tripartite mission, which has served so well in the past, is no longer sufficient to position AHCs to lead and resolve the intractable drivers of poor health status, such as unfair and unjust health disparities, health inequities, or differences in a population's SDOH.AHCs enjoy broad public support and have an opportunity-and an obligation-to lead in improving the nation's health. This Perspective proposes a new framework for AHCs to expand on their traditional tripartite mission of education, research, and clinical care to include explicitly a fourth mission of social accountability. Through this fourth mission, comprehensive community engagement can be undertaken, addressing SDOH and measuring the health impact of interventions by using a deliberate structure and process, yielding defined outcomes.

BackgroundTo plan social and health services, future life expectancy projections are needed. The aim of this study was to forecast the future life expectancy for mainland China and its provinces.MethodsFollowing the same approach as the Global Burden of Disease Study, we used the largest compiled epidemiological and demographic datasets to estimate age-specific mortality and evaluate population data from 1990 to 2019. A total of 21 life expectancy forecasting models were combined by a probabilistic Bayesian model to forecast the life expectancy for mainland China and its provinces in 2035.FindingsThe projected life expectancy at birth in mainland China in 2035 is 81·3 years (95% credible interval 79·2–85·0), and there is a high probability that the national goals of improving life expectancy will be achieved (79 years in 2030, and over 80 years in 2035). At the provincial level, women in Beijing have the highest projected life expectancy in 2035 with an 81% probability of reaching 90 years, followed by Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, which all have more than a 50% probability of surpassing 90 years. Men in Shanghai are projected to have the highest life expectancy at birth in 2035, with a 77% probability of life expectancy being over 83 years, the highest provincial life expectancy in mainland China in 2019. The projected gains in life expectancy are mainly derived from older individuals (aged ≥65 years), except those in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Qinghai (for men), in which the main contributions come from younger (0–29 years) or middle-aged (30–64 years) individuals.InterpretationLife expectancy in mainland China and its provinces has a high probability of continuing to increase through to 2035. Adequate policy planning of social and health services will be needed.FundingChina National Natural Science Foundation and Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province.

Simple SummaryThe role of the social determinants of health (i.e., physical, social and economic factors affecting human health) and their impact on companion animal welfare have not been fully explored. Through a social determinants lens, it is possible to improve the understanding of companion animal guardian challenges in managing their companion animal’s welfare needs. Considering the five domains of animal welfare in conjunction with the social determinants enables us to explore the impact of the social determinants of human health on animal welfare. This highlights the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration to achieve positive health outcomes for guardians and positive welfare outcomes for their companion animals.The social determinants of health (SDH) focus on the social, physical and economic factors that impact human health. Studies have revealed that animal guardians face a range of challenges in attaining positive welfare outcomes for their companion animals, which can be influenced by socioeconomic and environmental factors. Despite this, there is a lack of research specifically exploring the relationship between SDH and animal welfare outcomes. Given that the SDH impact on humans, which in turn directly impacts on their companion animal, it is important to adapt an SDH framework for companion animal welfare by characterising the impact of the SDH on companion animal guardians in their attempts to care for their animals and, by extension, the associated welfare outcomes. This paper explores how these human health determinants may impact animal welfare and the possible challenges that may arise for the guardian when attempting to meet their companion animal’s welfare needs. By integrating the SDH with other key frameworks, including the five domains model of animal welfare, through multidisciplinary collaboration, this framework can be used to inform future programs aiming to improve animal welfare.

Impact of Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality on Life Expectancy in China

Previous studies comparing the social and behavioural determinants of health in Europe have largely focused on individual countries or combined data from various national surveys. In this article, we present the findings from the new rotating module on social determinants of health in the European Social Survey (ESS) (2014) to obtain the first comprehensive comparison of estimates on the prevalence of the following social and behavioural determinants of health: working conditions, access to healthcare, housing quality, unpaid care, childhood conditions and health behaviours. We used the 7th round of the ESS. We present separate results for men and women. All estimates were age-standardized in each separate country using a consistent metric. We show country-specific results as well as pooled estimates for the combined cross-national sample. We found that social and behavioural factors that have a clear impact on physical and mental health, such as lack of healthcare access, risk behaviour and poor working conditions, are reported by substantial numbers of people in most European countries. Furthermore, our results highlight considerable cross-national variation in social and behavioural determinants of health across European countries. Substantial numbers of Europeans are exposed to social and behavioural determinants of health problems. Moreover, the extent to which people experience these social and behavioural factors varies cross-nationally. Future research should examine in more detail how these factors are associated with physical and mental health outcomes, and how these associations vary across countries.

BackgroundThe aging population in China is increasingly evident, leading to a shift in the patterns of disease burden. This study aims to investigate changes and trends in mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), life expectancy (LE), and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) in China from 1990 to 2021.MethodsThis study presents a secondary analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, with a focus on mortality, DALYs, LE, and HALE. We examined changes in these indicators in China from 1990 to 2021, comparing them with global averages and across five SDI regions. Using Joinpoint Regression Software, we analyzed trends in the top ten cause-specific DALY rates in 2021. Furthermore, we employed the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model to forecast age-standardized rates (ASR) of mortality for the next decade.ResultsChina witnessed a decrease in the ASRs of mortality (1198.16/100,000 [1098.61–1294.10] to 644.68/100,000 [555.12–735.51]) and DALYs (43085.42/100,000 [39330.62–47273.39] to 22717.19/100,000 [19748.18–25903.34]) from 1990 to 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the ASRs of mortality and DALY declined in China (23009.47/100,000 [19661.21–26495.58] in 2019), but global rates and those across the five SDI (Socio-demographic Index) regions increased. Projections indicate a continued decline in the ASRs of mortality over the next decade, from 2019 to 2035 and 2021 to 2035. Notably, DALY rates for the top 10 level 2 causes in 2021 decreased over the past three decades, except for musculoskeletal disorders (AAPC% 95%CI, 0.10 [0.07–0.14], men; 0.05 [-0.02–0.13], women) and sense organ diseases (AAPC% 95%CI, 0.38 [0.33–0.43], men; 0.35 [0.30–0.41], women). LE and HALE increased across all age groups in China over the same period, although there was no significant change in the HALE/LE ratio.ConclusionEffective policy implementation and technological advancements could play a crucial role in alleviating disease burdens associated with aging in China, thereby reducing the country's all-cause mortality rate and enhancing the quality of life for its residents.