How Deaf People Live: Gender, Poverty and Employment Opportunities?

The article examines the issues of the emergence, development and current state of the scientific problem of defining the concepts of gender equality (inequality), as well as the law enforcement aspect of its solution in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries. The object of the study is public relations between the state and citizens of Russia on issues of equality of rights, freedoms, opportunities for their realization and obligations established by Part 2 of Article 6 and Part 3 of Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is the norms of constitutional (Part 2 of Article 6, Part 3 of Article 19 and paragraph "zh.1" of Part 1 of Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), civil (part 1 of Article 12 of the RF IC) and administrative law (Part 2 of Article 3.9 and Part 2 of Article 4.2 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), other normative legal acts and judicial acts defining gender equality (inequality) of citizens. In the course of the work, dialectical, logical, systemic, functional, formal-legal, comparative-legal research methods were used. The aim of the study is to develop a uniform approach to establishing the concepts of gender equality (inequality) in order to eliminate the problems of ambiguous interpretation and conflict of legislation in modern science and law enforcement practice. This goal has determined the need to set and solve the following tasks: 1. Research on the concepts of gender equality (inequality) as legal categories in the Russian Federation and foreign countries. 2. Formulation of uniform definitions of gender equality (inequality). 3. Definition of the main difference between the concepts of gender equality (inequality). 4. Consideration of the possibility of applying the author's concepts of gender equality (inequality) in law enforcement practice and in normative acts. The study showed that there is no single approach to understanding gender equality (inequality) in modern science and law enforcement practice. Most modern concepts of gender equality (inequality) are based on the recognition of the equality of rights and freedoms of men and women. The author of the article puts forward the theory that gender equality is a right guaranteed by the state and international legal acts, freedom, duties and opportunities to achieve them in relation to citizens without gender separation, and gender inequality, on the contrary, acts as a discriminatory sign in relation to citizens depending on their gender.

Interventions to improve the labour market outcomes of youth: A systematic review of training, entrepreneurship promotion, employment services and subsidized employment interventions

PROTOCOL: The effects of road infrastructure, and transport and logistics services interventions on women's participation in informal and formal labour markets in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

This study examines one of the key principles of labor law – the principle of equal rights and opportunities for employees, the essence and content of which have been the subject of ongoing discussions recently. Since the development of technologies and the digitalization of the economy, changes in the structure of employment and the emergence of new forms of labor relations create new forms of inequality in access to work and professional development. It is noted that the current labor legislation of Ukraine contains a number of gaps and conflicts in the field of ensuring equal rights and opportunities for employees. It is noted that the consolidation of the principle of equal rights and opportunities for employees in labor law is undoubtedly important, and at the same time it must be observed not only during the initial opportunities in employment, but also when arising, changing and terminating labor relations. Since the essence of the principle of equal rights and opportunities for employees should be manifested both in the ability to exercise their right to work, which includes the right to get a job, work, enjoy employee rights (rest, pay, labor safety, etc.) and move between positions and terminate an employment contract, and the ability to defend their labor rights, freedoms and interests in the event of their violation or threat of encroachment, which includes equal opportunities to choose and apply forms and methods of protecting labor rights. That is, this principle should be aimed at creating fair working conditions, where each employee has the same opportunities to realize their potential and protect their interests. Therefore, in its essence, the principle of equal rights and opportunities for employees in the labor sphere should be multifunctional: to provide for the legal equality of all before the law regardless of various factors (gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property or official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, etc.); to ensure equality of substantive, procedural and procedural rights; to ensure equal access to work and equal opportunities for the exercise of the right to it; to prevent discrimination in the field of legal regulation of labor and related relations.

Introduction. Ukraine’s signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014 posed new important tasks for our country, such as the development of new conceptual approaches to the formation of basic principles of gender policy, which would form in the Ukrainian society understanding of gender culture based on recognition of equality of men and women, and consequently help to overcome discrimination between the sexes in various relationships. Quite often, the majority of society considers gender policy a part of state social policy, especially when it comes to social security payments to families with children or on childcare leave, or employment problems, etc. However, only few people understand that the very concept of gender equality is quite broad and applies to various areas of public policy, the purpose of which is to effectively guarantee equality to different groups of Ukrainian society. Therefore, further development and improvement of legislation in terms of ensuring gender equality in Ukrainian society is a very important task. The implementation of this task requires also a generalization of the reformist experience of the late 1990s – early third decade of the XXI century, which makes the chosen topic relevant and scientifically and socio-politically significant. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to explore the mechanisms of national legislation in the process of forming state policy to ensure gender equality based on the analysis of sources involved in the study, using the latest principles and methods of scientific and historical knowledge. Methods. Methods of historicism, objectivism, generalized inference, as well as problem-thematic and chronological methods of scientific research are used. Results. The process of developing legal regulation of gender relations in Ukraine is quite dynamic in its content and is based on the principles of the international law, commitеd to writing in a number of documents of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, etc. In Ukraine, the legislative process to ensure gender equality began in the late twentieth century, in 1996 with the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine, which in Article 24 enshrined the equality of rights of men and women. Over the next 25 years, a number of legal documents were adopted, which ensured the formation of public policy. Among them there are the Laws of Ukraine «On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men», «On Principles of Preventing and Combating Discrimination in Ukraine», «On Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence», and the National Action Plan of Ukraine for Implementing UN Security Council Resolution 1325 «Women, peace, security», etc. Conclusion. Thus, we can conclude that twenty-five years of Ukrainian politics has shown significant transformation of views on the role and place in the life of women. Thus, if at the end of the twentieth century the efforts of certain public organizations that defended the right to legislative «improvement of women», then in the XXI century there was a real legal support for equal rights and opportunities for both women and men in various spheres of society: social, educational, economic, political, and security sectors.

Background : Maternal mortality ratio, infant mortality rate, and underfive mortality rate are still high in Indonesia. Pasuruan is one of the districts in East Java with the highest infant mortality rate. One of the public health interventions that has been undertaken to address this issue is maternal and child health surveillance program with community health workers being the leading implementers. This study aimed to describe the role of community health workers in maternal and child health surveillance to optimize maternal and child health care services in Pasuruan District, East Java. Subje cts and Method: This was a qualitative study using case study approach. It was conducted in Pasuruan, East Java. Key informants were selected by criterion sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interview, focus group discussion, observation, and document review. Data validity was checked by triangulation. Results : Community based maternal and child health surveillance program has been implemented for 4 years. However, only some of all community health workes have been trained in this program. The tasks of these community health workers included advocacy and monitoring of maternal and child health in the areas of posyandu. The implementation of these surveillance program had some obstacles, including low insentive of community health worker, inactive community health worker, lack of awareness among community members on maternal and child health issues, and medical factors of pregnant mothers that caused mortality. Conclusion : Community health workers help improve the quality of maternal and child health care by surveillance program, although their performances have yet to be enhanced. Keyword : maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, community health workers Correspondence: Ninil Dwi Pangestu. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah. E-mail: pangestu.ninil@gmail.com. Mobile +62856553737. Journal of Health Policy and Management (2017), 2(2): 128-136 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2017.02.02.04

The problems which young people face with in order to get employed and survive, to compete successfully in the labour market has always been relevant to the society. It is obvious that after the completion of the training institutions the graduates can hope to get employed if their specialty is in high demand in the labour market. Permanent labour market demand and supply indicators are monitored and analysis allows to foresee the changes of the tendencies and trends to find out which specialty is needed most and have the most job opportunities in the world of work. Therefore, the research problem is revealed by the following questions: What are the opportunities to get employed having accounting profession? Are the people, gained such education, in demand in the labour market?
 The aim of the investigation – to evaluate the accounting specialty graduates’ employment opportunities in the labour market. 
 Youth situation in the labour market is not favourable, and still significant positive changes still are not visible, because in recent years in recent years there at the labour centre applied approximately 70 thousand young people under 25 and about 20 thousand graduates. However, an analysis of the need for accounting professionals and graduates who have acquired the specialty of integration into the labour market statistics show that the demand for these professionals is not decreasing. As pointed out by some labour market analysts, this is one of the most stable professions and such individuals have significant employment opportunities in this field. This is also confirmed by the results of analysis: every year, employers offer about 2-3 thousand jobs for accountants and book-keepers; there are favourable employment opportunities in all regions of the country, as more and more businessmen are choosing financial services companies receive all levels of accounting services; every year graduates, who have acquired the specialty, number is decreasing, so the competition is to prepare professionals in the labour market is weakening; vacancy rate remains stable (on average by 0.6 per cent.), excess supply in the market for these professionals is not high, i.e. 2 persons apply for 1 vacancy.

The article describes the concept, essence and elements of “gender equality” and “gender”. Attention is paid to the interpretation of the term “gender” provided by specialized agencies and relevant structures of the United Nations (UN), in particular, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The attention is focused on the provisions of the national legislation of Ukraine, in particular, the Law of Ukraine on Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men. The author characterizes common forms of gender discrimination (sexism, sexual harassment and assault, cyberviolence against women and girls, etc.) It is emphasized that in the science of international law the issue of theoretical definition of the concept of “gender” has not been studied at the doctrinal level. In writing this article, the author applied the systematic method to analyze the genesis and further evolution of gender equality norms; the formal-logical method was used to analyze the legal framework in the field of gender equality; the axiological method was used to characterize the widespread forms of gender discrimination. It is noted that gender equality is a cross­cutting idea of fundamental human rights. The equal right of men and women to enjoy all human rights is one of the fundamental principles recognized by international law and enshrined in the main international human rights treaties. It was councluded that the development of a universal concept of the term “gender” at the international level will contribute to an increase in the level of human rights protection. It is stated that gender inequality is not a women’s problem. Explicit or implicit prejudice, barriers to education and employment, as well as pay gaps, harm communities and hold back economies. Gender mainstreaming ensures higher quality program development and legislative work and greater significance to society, as it allows policy to respond more effectively to the needs of all citizens -women and men, girls and boys.

This article aims to determine the background and objectives of provincial government policies in improving the quality of Madrasah Diniyah teachers in East Java, Indonesia. The management of Islamic Education institutions is the authority and responsibility of the Ministry of Religion, however, the East Java provincial government has a moral responsibility to participate in developing Islamic education institutions, namely Madrasah Diniyah through policies to improve the quality of Madrasah diniyah teachers. This research method uses qualitative research with a case study approach and research design using descriptive-analytic. The research findings are: 1) The reality of Diniyah Madrasah teachers in East Java, there are still many who have not met the qualifications as mandated in the Teacher and Lecturer Law. 2) The Provincial Government of East Java made a policy to improve the quality of madrasah diniyah teachers due to social and political factors.

Employment opportunities are one of the basic human needs as well as an important economic indicator to assess the level of success of a region. This indicator is also a reference for the government in formulating economic policies. One of the main problems of employment in East Java Island is the low level of employment opportunities. In addition, there is a mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the needs of the business world. Many industrial sectors require workers with special skills, while most of the workforce does not have these qualifications. This study aims to analyze the effect of the number of workers, employment, and investment on employment opportunities in East Java Province during the period 2008 to 2023. This study uses a quantitative approach with the multiple linear regression analysis method and SPSS version 29 tools. The data used are secondary data obtained from the BPS website of East Java Province for that period. The results of the study show that the number of workers has a positive and significant effect on employment opportunities in East Java.

Stakeholder Response to the Development Strategy of Sugarcane Dry Land Agriculture in East Java

This paper deeply explores the multi-level impact of the digital economy on the transfer of rural labor. With the rapid development of the digital economy, the popularization of information technology and the Internet has brought new employment opportunities and development paths for rural labor. First, this paper sorts out the definition and connotation of the digital economy, and explains how the digital economy promotes the transfer of rural labor through the convenience of information acquisition, skills training, improvement of the entrepreneurial environment and improvement of employment matching efficiency. Secondly, through a literature review, this paper summarizes the main findings of existing research, clarifies the key role of the digital economy in the labor market, and reveals the theoretical basis and practical performance of the digital economy in promoting the transfer of rural labor. In addition, this paper analyzes the specific impact mechanism of the digital economy on the transfer of rural labor, including information acquisition and employment opportunities, skills training and human capital improvement, changes in the entrepreneurial environment and employment structure, and enhanced employment matching and mobility. In order to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis, this paper selects typical regions for case analysis, discusses in detail the transfer of rural labor in these regions under the background of the digital economy, and summarizes general conclusions and inspirations. The study found that the digital economy not only significantly increases the employment opportunities of rural labor, but also improves their skill level and mobility, and promotes the development and transformation of the rural economy. Finally, this paper puts forward a series of policy recommendations for the government, enterprises and all sectors of society, aiming to better utilize the digital economy to promote rural labor transfer and achieve coordinated development of rural and urban areas.

The study explored the role of the Recognition of Prior Learning Programme (RPL) in creating employment opportunities for informally trained vocational graduates in Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. The following specific objectives guided the study: To explore RPL programme graduates’ experience with employment opportunities in the labour market, and to examine the contribution of skills recognition through the RPL programme in developing graduates’ self-esteem at the workplace. The study employed a qualitative research approach and a single case study design. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions. Purposive, stratified and snowball sampling were used to capture information from 64 participants, and the collected data were analysed thematically. The study findings reveal that informally trained apprentices access more employment opportunities in the private sector than in the public sector. The findings divulge further that policy disconnection is one of the obstacles for informally trained apprentices to access public employment. The findings further indicate that 45% of informally trained apprentices who undergo the RPL programme are capable of creating self-employment. The study recommends that policy actors need to address the issue of policy disconnection, which denies informally trained apprentices access to public employment prospects for sustainable community development.

The right to work for persons with disabilities is guaranteed by the Constitution and Laws of the Republic of Serbia, which promote equal rights for labor market inclusion, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Law on Professional Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities represents a revolutionary step, as it formalizes the employment process by introducing, for the first time, opportunities on the open labor market, rather than exclusively within protected work environments. This provides an opportunity to reduce the unemployment rate among persons with disabilities, who are considered one of the most vulnerable groups. According to official data, approximately 400,000 persons with various types of disabilities live in Serbia, while unofficial estimates suggest that the actual number is twice as high. It is estimated that between 250,000 and 300,000 of them are of working age, yet only about 10% are employed. The aim of this paper is to present the normative framework related to the employment of persons with disabilities in the Republic of Serbia and its implementation, in order to assess the possibilities for their inclusion in the labor market. The methodology applied involves a systematic review of existing laws, legal regulations, and available data on employment and labor opportunities for persons with disabilities in Serbia. As this paper will demonstrate, the Republic of Serbia has adopted a range of laws and regulations aimed at improving the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the labor market. However, the question remains as to whether these measures are sufficient and effectively implemented in practice. Despite the existing legal framework and government efforts, many challenges persist for persons with disabilities when seeking employment opportunities. Further efforts are required to ensure that all individuals, regardless of disability, achieve equal and dignified participation in society.

Currently, waste management is a big problem, not only in Indonesia but also throughout the world. Especially after the People's Republic of China (PRC) changed its solid waste import policy on July 18, 2017. The issuance of the National Sword policy aims to limit and tighten imports of plastic waste. The impact of the PRC's policy change is an increase in the flow of waste imports to Indonesia, thus placing Indonesia as a "Plastic Waste Emergency" country. To overcome this problem, Indonesia already has several regulations and laws related to waste imports. The application of waste import rules that are not strict causes losses for local communities in East Java and Surabaya. This study then aims to find out that the import of waste has an impact not only on the environment but also on the political economy and the efforts made by the local government to overcome it. This study uses social research methods based on a qualitative descriptive approach. This study also uses field research methods to obtain data directly from the research object area. There are four data collection techniques, namely observation, questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and documentation. The research subjects chosen were the people of Bangun Village, Mojokerto, and several regional (local) policy-making bodies in Surabaya and East Java. This study will also use a non-random sampling technique, with the selection of samples using purposive sampling. Field data collection will be carried out using interviews conducted directly with the informants using interview guidelines.