How cross-national border influences of global phenomena render entrepreneurship inherently international

As the recent revolutions in the Middle East have demonstrated, civil society in this part of the world is on the move. The increasingly important role of non-state actors - a phenomenon of globalization- has characterized developments throughout the region, affecting the struggle for democracy and for peace. This volume brings together scholars primarily form the region to analyse the varied activities and contributions of NGOs, the private sector and the new media, from Morocco to Iran, along with the involvement of diaspora groups. The chapter on facebook in the recent Egyptian revolution captures the role of this new media while the study on similar technology in Iran outlines the barriers raised by the authorities in the current struggles there. Even the fledgling process of democratization in Saudi Arabia is driven by non-state actors while the veteran women's movements in the Maghreb serve as an example for the post-Arab spring era in those countries. Providing one of the first assessments of the role of non-state actors in the Middle East, this book will be essential reading for students of Political Science, Sociology and Civil Society, amongst others.

The study is devoted to the analysis of how globalization processes affect various aspects of doing business. The novelty of the study lies in several key aspects: for the first time, the concept of preconditions for globalization transformations, factors and phenomena is defined and differentiated, their detailed description is made using the latest statistical data of world-wide development. Globalization phenomena and factors are systematized by both the positive and negative consequences of impact on socioeconomic development. The consequences of the impact of globalization transformations on business structures, in particular on innovative development, automation of processes, improvement of logistics, improvement of communications, management, expansion of sales markets, are studied. As a result of the study, approaches to understanding globalization as a multifaceted process that covers the socioeconomic, political, technological, and cultural aspects of society are systematized. The key preconditions for globalization, including the development of informatization, the introduction of new technologies, political changes and economic integration, are analyzed. It is found that these factors enable interdependence and interactivity at the global level, fostering the convergence of different national systems. Conclusions are drawn about the twofold impact of globalization: on the one hand, it stimulates economic integration, free movement of goods and services, development of technology, increase in productivity of economies, exchange of cultures and development of intellectual capital; on the other hand, it leads to economic inequalities, negative impact on local producers, environmental problems, political conflicts and loss of cultural uniqueness. The study also characterizes the impact of globalization on business, including innovation, digitalization, process automation, market expansion, the introduction of omnichannel retail, logistics optimization, reduction of delivery costs, as well as the development of new forms of financing and modern approaches to management.

The threat of violent radicalism, as is the cell phone usage, is what one could characterize as a global phenomenon. I outline a theoretical framework for developing an explanation of a global social phenomenon in terms of an underlying theme and its enablers. By analyzing the threat of radicalism in Kosovo and elsewhere, I propose the following explanation of the phenomenon of radical Islam: Backed by the prestige and resources of Saudi Arabia, religious leaders have popularized the appealing theme of sharia as all-encompassing “divine law” to advance radical Islamist agendas. Such an explanation opens up the possibility of identifying and undercutting themes and backers of emerging global threats.

The use of small sensors that can communicate through wireless links and that are positioned over a wide area can allow to gather precise data about the occurrence of determined phenomena. Depending on the application scenario, the phenomenon to be detected can interest all sensors (global phenomenon (GP)), or just a subset of the deployed sensors (local phenomenon (LP)). One of the most interesting phenomena that can be monitored by wireless sensor networks is fire. In this paper a wireless sensor network configuration for fire detection applications is presented. A chain network is considered where in order to reduce the transmissions and then minimize the power consumptions each node makes a local decision about target absent/present considering its own observation and also the decision made by the previous node. Fusion rules for both the global and local phenomenon scenario are proposed, to minimize the error probability at the last stage of the chain.

Although there has been a rapid growth in the globalisation of sport and its delivery to world markets, nevertheless there is a variety of models of sport-business whose characteristics are the product of local histories, local political and sporting cultures, local economic conditions and so on. This paper does not seek to deny the increasingly obvious impact of globalisation on professional sport, but rather it seeks to articulate the ways in which such global phenomena are locally mediated in professional soccer systems in five countries, to identify and to explain local responses to global pressures. The five examples include the oldest professional football system, that of England, and a second contrasting European system, France, together with three relatively recently established professional football systems in Japan a developed capitalist economy, Algeria, which is developing a post-socialist sports economy, and China which is experimenting in sport as in other areas with a ‘socialist market economy’. The resultant evolution of professional sporting systems represents distinctive configurations of stakeholders in what are in effect contrasting business models, and reflects a situation of ‘diminishing varieties and increasing contrasts’, in contrast to the claims made by Elias in relation to global cultural phenomena.

In order to establish the linkage of micro and macro ecosystems of plants and describe the complexity of ecosystems from multiple levels, this paper builds a plant ecology simulation system based on cellular automaton theory for simulating the plant ecosystem and analyzing the relation between individual plant and global ecological phenomena. The method based on cellular automaton avoids the difficulties met by traditional analytic methods in finding the solution of ecological problem. Compared with other simulation method, this approach is more reliable in theory and cellular space has direct mapping relation with living space of plant. To show the effectiveness of this emulator, the growth dynamics of population of the endangered species Changium smyrnioides is simulated and compared with that of another similar species Anthriscus sylvestris. The experimental results show that global phenomena can emerge in cellular space made up of autonomous individuals, and also show the remarkable difference between two species under different ecological strategies. The simulation results are consistent with the ecological fact.

الفساد ظاهرة عالمية عابرة للحدود الدولية ليست وليدة اليوم بل هي قديمة قدم المجتمع غزت دول العالم أجمع بنسب متفاوته واصبح الفساد تحديا يواجه الدول في المجالات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية ويهدد الديمقراطية وسيادة القانون والتنمية المستدامة کما اصبح تهديدا للأمن العالمي في المجتمع الدولي حتى أصبح الآن يشکل تهديدا واضحا على أمن واستقرار المجتمعات البشرية. ويعتبر الفساد هو السبب الرئيسي في فشل الحکومات لأنه يضعف النظم السياسية ويشوه الاسواق ويشجع على استخدام الطاقات والمهارات بطرق غير منتجه الامر الذي أصبح معه يشکل الفساد جريمة دولية يجب التصدي لها على النطاق الداخلى للدول وکذلک على المستوى الدولى بطريق التکاتف والتعاون فيما بين الدول وبعضها البعض. فقد توافق اعضاء المجتمع الدولي على أن الفساد ظاهرة عالمية خطيرة يجب مکافحتها والتصدي لها باتباع اجراءات قانونية دولية ومنها تعزيز التعاون الدولي والعمل على زيادة الوعي في مختلف شرائح المجتمع. ونظرا لما ترتب على الفساد کظاهرة دولية من آثار سلبية ما نتج عنه تهديد للسلم والامن الدولى فکان ذلک دافعا للباحث في بحثه حول الاجراءات القانونية لمکافحة الفساد في ضوء قواعد القانون الدولي حيث تناول البحث عدة نقاط هامة: الأولى: کانت حول التعريف بالفساد الدولي واشکاله. والثانية: حول الإجراءات الدولية لمکافحة الفساد. الثالثة: تناولت الجهود الدولية لمکافحة الفساد سواء بطريق المنظمات الدولية او بطريق وضع مواثيق دولية للتصدي لهذه الظاهرة. Legal action to combat international corruption in the light of the rules of international law Corruption is a global transnational phenomenon that is not born today, but is as old as society, which has invaded the nations of the world in varying proportions, and corruption has become a challenge facing States in the political, economic and social spheres, threatening democracy, the rule of law and sustainable development, and has become a threat to global security in the international community, which has now become a clear threat to the security and stability of human societies. Corruption is the main reason for the failure of governments because it weakens political systems, distorts markets and encourages the use of energies and skills in unproductive ways, which has become an international crime that must be addressed on the domestic scale of states as well as at the international level through solidarity and cooperation between countries and each other. Members of the international community have agreed that corruption is a serious global phenomenon that must be combated and addressed by international legal procedures, including strengthening international cooperation and raising awareness in various segments of society. In view of the negative effects of corruption as an international phenomenon, which resulted in a threat to international peace and security, this prompted the researcher to research legal measures to combat corruption in the light of the rules of international law, where the research dealt with several important points, the first was about the definition of international corruption and its forms and the second on international anti-corruption measures. Third, it dealt with international efforts to combat corruption, whether through international organizations or through the development of international conventions to address this phenomenon.

Climate Change is a global phenomenon that has a global scale impact. The current trend of climate change towards the warming of the globe has resulted in various changes in the geological, climatology, social, economical, and bio-logical processes worldwide. Temperature of the globe has increased due to various factors, but anthropogenic plays a major contribution through the heavy input of Greenhouse gases. One of the world’s most remote regions that have been affected by most of the anthropogenic stresses on environmental services is the Arctic Region. The Arctic Region has shown various drastic changes and has shown to be effected by various anthropogenic activities that take place elsewhere. These changes include the ozone hole (resulting from ozone degrading compound emitted heavily by an-thropogenic demands), the accumulation of various persistent and volatile pollutants (i.e. POPs), and the meltdown of the polar ice (among others). These drastic changes are well perceived and well projected for future preparations. However, the question still remains if these impacts would only accelerate change. This paper aims to discuss if these changes are accelerating or happening at a constant rate. In addition, this paper aims to only focus on changes due to global warming and climate changes phenomenon

International human trade is a dark side of international business that has largely been ignored by international business researchers. With a rapid globalisation, these activities have intensified to become a global phenomenon in the past two decades. The intent of this paper is to raise an awareness of such an important global business phenomenon. We offer a general classification of international human trade as well as describing it more specifically in the marketing context of product, price, place and promotion of humans and human organs. Recommendations for policy makers and suggestions for future research are included.

Global climate phenomena and air pollution, especially PM2.5, have a complex relationship and influence each other in Indonesia. Indonesia, as an archipelagic country located in a tropical region, is vulnerable to global climate change that occurs globally. Apart from the impacts of human activities (land burning, industrial activities, transportation), the increase of PM2.5 is also connected to climate change. This study aims to analyze the correlation of global climate phenomena, especially ENSO, Dipole Mode, and MJO, to PM2.5 in Indonesia. Model data of PM2.5 from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) is used to cover the Indonesia area. This study presents the spatial correlation of PM2.5 and global climate phenomena. The results show that El Nino has a higher correlation value, compared to La Nina, which range from −0.5 to 0.6. PM2.5 and −0.3 – 0.3, respectively. The correlation between PM2.5 and Dipole Mode have a high value, ranging from −0.7 – 0.6. During El Nino and Positive/Negative Dipole Mode, areas prone to forest fires have a positive correlation with PM2.5. Meanwhile, the Java region has a correlation value that is the opposite of the index when El Nino and Positive/Negative Dipole Mode occur. A better understanding of the relationship between global climate phenomena and air pollution, especially PM2.5, is important for developing effective mitigation strategies. The relationship between global climate phenomena and air pollution, especially PM2.5, in Indonesia, is intricate and multifaceted. Understanding this connection is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies.

Purpose – To identify and characterise the phenomena of globalisation in the food choices of Polish consumers. To identify demographic, economic and social determinants influencing the level of globalization in the dietary choices of Poles, as well as to recognise the most important factors determining consumers’ dietary choices. Research method – Direct surveys among 660 respondents using quantitative methods were used. The collected data was analysed using the factor analysis (the main component method), Cronbach’s alphafactor, structured logit models, Pearson’s χ2 and Cramer’s V coefficients, as well as descriptive statistics and structure indicators. Results – The phenomenon of globalisation is clearly visible in the nutritional choices of Poles. Its impact is manifested primarily in the purchase of fast food in fast food bars and food products in international trade chains; however, it should be noted that this phenomenon concerns primarily the younger generation (under 25), with higher education, and people assessing their income situation as very good. Implications / recommendations – Because of the fashion for healthy, plant-based nutrition, it can be assumed that today’s consumers are looking for a dietary alternative that will allow them to reduce the time it takes to prepare meals and clean up afterwards, while maintaining their health. There may be a growing demand for fast food bars offering healthy food from a proven source. Moreover, due to the increasingly prevalent demands of antiglobalists and the coronavirus crisis, the phenomena of ethnocentrism and deconsumption in consumer behaviour increasingly emerge as trends alternative to globalisation and, as such, they merit further investigation.

Sepsis Care Pathway 2019.

In healthy subjects, platelet hyperreactivity is a global phenomenon--as opposed to agonist-specific--and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation (EPA) is a reliable marker of this phenotype. Few data are available on platelet reactivity and the relationship between EPA and aggregation induced by other agonists in cardiovascular patients. It was the objective of this study to characterise platelet reactivity in stable cardiovascular patients treated with aspirin and to derive a composite index integrating several aggregation pathways, suitable for selecting patients with extreme phenotypes for further proteomics analysis. Platelet reactivity to agonists was assessed in 110 patients twice, two weeks apart. Factorial analysis was used to determine whether the results obtained with the different agonists could be summarised in a single composite index. EPA correlated with the aggregation values obtained with each of the other agonists, with correlation coefficients of 0.44 to 0.55 (p < 0.001). We constructed a composite "platelet reactivity" index that included 60% of the information provided by each agonist. The results obtained at the first patient visit were consistent with those obtained at the second visit (r = 0.78, p<0.01). No clinical or biological parameters correlated with the composite index. The extreme phenotypes of six selected subjects were confirmed 12 months after the second visit. In conclusion, platelet reactivity in aspirin-treated cardiovascular patients is a global phenomenon that can be summarised by a composite index based on the aggregation responses to various agonists and integrating several activation pathways. This index is not dependent on clinical or biological variables, suggesting that genetic factors regulate platelet reactivity in these patients.

This essay investigates the mounting U.S. vision of gender violence since the 1990s as a global phenomenon. Focusing on U.S. legal, political, and media discourse about female circumcision in particular, and gender violence more broadly, this essay examines what U.S. imaginaries about global gender violence enable as warrants for neocolonial consolidations of U.S. power in the 21st century through international projects and programs of defense, development, and diplomacy. The essay first addresses the way female circumcision becomes recognized in the United States imaginary as a gendered violence that is distant from the United States and essential to the African continent and African women’s bodies. It then questions what the recognition of gender violence as a global phenomenon does for U.S. neocolonial projects of defense, development, and diplomacy. It is the flexibility of gender violence as a rhetoric—its ability to be both specific and general—that makes it most potent in the service of U.S. neocolonial practices and projects around the world.

The demographic trend of a species depends on the dynamics of its local populations, which can be compromised by local or by global phenomena. However, the relevance of local and global phenomena has rarely been investigated simultaneously. Here, we tested whether local phenomena compromised a species’ demographic trend using the Eurasian common lizard Zootoca vivipara, the terrestrial reptile exhibiting the widest geographic distribution, as a model species. We analyzed the species’ ancient demographic trend using genetic data from its 6 allopatric genetic clades and tested whether its demographic trend mainly depended on single clades or on global phenomena. Zootoca vivipara’s effective population size increased since 2.3 million years ago and started to increase steeply and continuously from 0.531 million years ago. Population growth rate exhibited 2 maxima, both occurring during global climatic changes and important vegetation changes on the northern hemisphere. Effective population size and growth rate were negatively correlated with global surface temperatures, in line with global parameters driving long-term demographic trends. Zootoca vivipara’s ancient demography was neither driven by a single clade, nor by the 2 clades that colonized huge geographic areas after the last glaciation. The low importance of local phenomena, suggests that the experimentally demonstrated high sensitivity of this species to short-term ecological changes is a response in order to cope with short-term and local changes. This suggests that what affected its long-term demographic trend the most, were not these local changes/responses, but rather the important and prolonged global climatic changes and important vegetation changes on the northern hemisphere, including the opening up of the forest by humans.