“How could one not exercise the utmost prudence” – revisiting Dao’an’s “Three Non-yi”

PurposeThe purpose of this Real Impact Research Article is to empirically explore one of the most controversial and elusive concepts in knowledge management research – practical wisdom. It develops a 10-dimensional practical wisdom construct and tests it within the nomological network of counterproductive and productive knowledge behavior.Design/methodology/approachA survey instrument was created based on the extant literature. A model was developed and tested by means of Partial Least Squares with data obtained from 200 experienced employees recruited from CloudResearch Connect crowdsourcing platform.FindingsPractical wisdom is a multidimensional construct that may be operationalized and measured like other well-established knowledge management concepts. Practical wisdom guides employee counterproductive and productive knowledge behavior: it suppresses knowledge sabotage and knowledge hiding (whether general, evasive, playing dumb, rationalized or bullying) and promotes knowledge sharing. While all proposed dimensions contribute to employee practical wisdom, particularly salient are subject matter expertise, moral purpose in decision-making, self-reflection in the workplace and external reflection in the workplace. Unexpectedly, practical wisdom facilitates knowledge hoarding instead of reducing it.Practical implicationsManagers should realize that possessing practical wisdom is not limited to a group of select, high-level executives. Organizations may administer the practical wisdom questionnaire presented in this study to their workers to identify those who score the lowest, and invest in employee training programs that focus on the development of those attributes pertaining to the practical wisdom dimensions.Originality/valueThe concept of practical wisdom is a controversial topic that has both detractors and supporters. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first large-scale empirical study of practical wisdom in the knowledge management domain.

This chapter comments on the theory and practice of translation from a radical feminist point of view. The chapter offers a radical view of the practice and theory of translation in counterpoint to the liberal perspective as currently dominating discussions of gender and translation and even feminist translation. It presents the 2011 translation into Japanese of Catharine MacKinnon's Women's Lives/Men's Laws, which highlights the radical feminist theoretical and activist engagement of the translators as an important contextual factor to their translation. The chapter discusses the translation and activist work of Morita and Nakasatomi and the Anti-Pornography and Prostitution Research Group (APP) to show how critical translation activity is to the forging of a global movement against the sex industry and also how critical political activity is to the successful translation of texts that reflect the core principles of the movement. Social practices that enact and entrench women's subordinate social status are the focus of radical feminist scholarship and activism.

ABSTRACTThe history of the practice of translation in Iran dates back more than 2000 years. During all these years, translation has always played a prominent role in the process of intercultural communication between Iran and the rest of the world. The current article aims at presenting a concise account of major developments in the theory and practice of translation in Iran from antiquity to the modern time, focusing on important historical turning points, such as the Arab conquest of Iran, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and the Islamic Revolution of 1979, that have given rise to different translation movements in this country. The article then provides a detailed analysis of the practice and theory of translation in present Iran by addressing a whole host of issues, such as translation policy, censorship, translation industry, translation pedagogy, and so on.

Functionalist approach to translation: A sketch To set up a framework for discussion, we shall first visit some developments in a functionalist approach to translation in recent decades. in Toward a Science of Translating (1964) and The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969, with charles R. taber), eugene A. Nida distinguishes between formal identity and dynamic equivalence in translation (e.g., Nida and taber 1969, 12) and advocates that the focus in translating should not be the “form of the message” but “the response of the receptor” (Nida and taber 1969, 1). the task of translating, then, “consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida and taber 1969, 12). to accomplish this task, Nida proposes a three-step process in translating, starting with the grammatical and semantic analysis of the sourcelanguage text (source text), followed by transferring the components identified in the first step to the receptor’s language (target language), and finishing with a restructuring of the components in the target language (Nida and taber 1969, 33). in a later book, From One Language to Another (1986, with Jan de Waard), Nida refines his approach by replacing the expression “dynamic equivalence” with “functional equivalence” (de Waard and Nida 1986, vii) and reiterates that translating is actually communicating, and translating means translating meaning (de Waard and Nida 1986, 9ff. and 60ff.; cf. Nida 1964, 30ff. and 120ff.). Nida’s translation theory has profoundly influenced the practice of Bible translation since the 1960s, not only within the circle of the United Bible Societies but also outside it. The impact of his work also goes beyond the field of Bible translation and actually lays a basis upon which modern translation studies is founded (see, e.g., Gentzler 1993, 46). Despite all its merits, Nida’s theory of equivalence generates issues to be resolved. One critical issue is the borderline between “translation with elements of text revision” (= equivalence) and “text revision with translated element” (= non-equivalence; Nord 1997, 8). the question is how far translation can go in restructuring without crossing over the borderline and stepping into the realm of rewriting. Another issue is in what way or ways these “equivalences” can be judged

Peter Newmark's translation theories have been widely used in translation application and have been attached a great deal of importance in the translation studies.This paper made an analytical review of Newmark's communicative translation approach based on multiple texts in two articles at first.And the review finds that there are some inappropriate classifications between communicative translation approach and semantic translation approach in the two articles, as well as unsolvable and impracticable problems remained in translation practice despite the guidance of Newmark's communicative translation approach.Based on process-oriented approach and result-oriented approach in pragmatic principle of Chinese and English translation by Wang Jianguo, this paper finds that these unsolvable and impracticable problems in practical translation may well have a reasonable explanation to go and have practical cognition guidance for translators.As a version of English to Chinese translated book implies, this paper further shows how process-oriented approach and result-oriented approach affect, and the orientation differences in pragmatic principle between two versions.Based on what has been analyzed, this paper concludes some translation methods in translation practice.

The term ‘shijianzhihui’ (实践智慧) is a Chinese translation of the ancient Greek word φρονησις (phronesis). Aristotle first defined it as the philosophical term practical wisdom. It is a kind of wisdom in the field of praxis, which is distinguished from theoretical wisdom (sophia) in the field of theory (theoria) and productive wisdom (techne) in the field of production (poiesis). This article holds that practical wisdom has two basic elements. One is that practice is prior to theory, which means that practical wisdom takes it as the starting point to solve practical problems; it aims at good action through integrating various theories. Moreover, it regards the maximisation of real benefits as evaluation criterion. The other is that all participants in practice should have the right to speak, which means that since all agents have practical wisdom and cooperatively act for a win–win situation, they all should have their voice in the cooperative actions. Only through practical wisdom, rather than theoretical wisdom, can practical problems be solved. In the last two decades, Chinese scholars began to regard the concept of practical wisdom as an important issue. Contemporary China in particular needs practical wisdom. This is because we once made a perfect fetish of the theoretical wisdom of Marxism, which resulted in failure in the nation’s development and the people’s lives; it was a bitter lesson. At the same time, practical wisdom is required at the global level, because the Western hegemonic powers are trying to remodel the whole world in accordance with the theoretical superstition of liberalism, which is now the root cause of much international turmoil. The emphasis on practical wisdom could mean that human practice in the age of globalisation could break away from all sorts of theoretical myths and could direct its energies to the real needs of humanity and their common practical judgement.

The French Reception of <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>: A Belated Consecration

Translation Studies presents an integrated concept based on the theory and practice of translation. The author adapts linguistic approaches and methods in such a way that they may be usefully employed in the theory, practice, and analysis of literary translation. The author develops a more cultural approach through text analysis and cross-cultural communication studies. The book is a contribution to the development of translation studies as a discipline in its own right.

In this article, we examine how cognitive metaphor theories might contribute to the theory and practice of poetry translation. We focus on translations from Chinese to English by Xu Yuanchong, both because he is regarded as one of China’s premier translators and because he has published a detailed theoretical framework and justification for his translations. We argue that Xu’s theory and practice of translation is based on a traditional approach to figurative language in which metaphor is regarded as purely decorative, adding no independent meaning. By identifying underlying conceptual metaphors and potential perceptual simulations in both the original Chinese and Xu’s translations, we show that the metaphors Xu substitutes for those in the original poem (often in place of sparser, more ambiguous language), changes and limits potential meanings in ways that are sometimes subtle but in other cases quite striking. We argue that contemporary cognitive linguistics theories, particularly Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and Perceptual Simulation Theory, can contribute in important ways both to creating and to evaluating translations of Chinese poetry into English.

The article studies a cognitive aspect of strategies for translating humor in movies based on the English-language version of the feature film “Pixels” and its dubbed versions in Russian and Turkish. The subject of the study is the strategies of trans­lating the humor of the film “Pixels” into Russian and Turkish. Examples of translating verbal humor into Russian and Turkish are illustrated on the basis of such research methods as compar­ative analysis, content analysis and quantitative analysis. The purpose of the article is to analyze the cognitive component within translation of humorous utterances into Russian and Turkish. The result of the study is the identification of universal strategies for translating the humor of a comedy film, where ad­aptation of cultural, phonetic, and lexical character plays the main role in Russian dubbing, and the tendency of literal trans­lation is characteristic of Turkish dubbing. The obtained results contribute to the study of the theory and practice of audiovisual translation, the theory and practice of translation, as well as the stylistics of the language. The main conclusions contribute to the methodological basis for continuing research on this topic.

This article studies the development of twentieth century translation theory. This was a period during which significant theoretical contributions were made in both secular and Bible translation circles. These contributions have had a profound impact on the practice of translation throughout the twentieth century and since. The individuals who contributed to the present state of translation theory worked in both secular and Bible translation circles and this article examines contributions from both. A select history of theoretical developments, focusing on the most important ideas relevant to Bible translation work is given in order to examine the impact of such theories in the practice of Bible translation. These include the philosophical approaches of the early twentieth century; the linguistic era of the 1950s and 1960s; the rise of functionalism and descriptive translation studies; and, finally, the emergence of postcolonial and related foreignising approaches.

Values-based recruitment is used in England to select healthcare staff, trainees and students on the basis that their values align with those stated in the Constitution of the UK National...

The article deals with the problem of covering the word formation of the somatic phraseological units (hereafter SPU) with the component бас / head in two different-structure languages. The purpose of the article is to study the interlanguage translation and comparative analysis of the equivalents’ meaning of the SPU with the component бас / head in the Kazakh and English dictionaries. Somatic phraseological units in two languages were taken as research materials by sampling method. The article concerning the lexical and grammatical nature of SPU with the component бас / head in Kazakh and English are also examined.Comparative, descriptive and selective methods were chosen as research methods. As a result, it was revealed and analyzed that the SPU with the component бас / head is expressed in word formation by methods of full, partial and zero equivalence. The conclusions obtained as a result of the study lead to the fact that the main part of the SPU with thr component бас / head in the Kazakh and English languages are similar to each other and the difference lies in different equivalents for transmitting a certain image. 106 SPU were revealed from the Kazakh dictionaries and 80 SPU of the component бас / head were taken from the English materials.Theoretical significance of the research: the scientific results of the work, new conclusions and theoretical arguments made during the research contribute to the replenishment of the theoretical base of the fields of translation studies, linguoculturology, comparative linguistics, corpus linguistics.Practical significance of the research:the results of the research can be effectively used in the study of special disciplines, such as Theory and practice of translation, Practice of literary translation, Intercultural communication, Innovative translation studies, Computer translation studies, Modern methods and techniques of translation studies, etc.

Aim. To determine the degree of possible preservation of culturally marked units during the translation of animated films. Methodology. The research used such stages as selection of material (animated films and their official translations), identification and classification of culturally specific elements in the original, comparative analysis of the original and translated versions, as well as identification of the degree of possible preservation of culturally marked units using methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, semantic analysis and linguacultural description. Results. An analysis of the original scripts and texts of the translated animated films “Shrek” and “Masha and the Bear” revealed that a loss of distinct cultural specificity often occurs at the linguistic level. Culturally marked units are not compensated for in the translated version if they are phenomena associated with deep mental culture, allusions to cultural phenomena of a specific historical period, and especially transformed precedent statements. In these cases, the use of cultural adaptation is appropriate. Research implications. The identified patterns of preserving the cultural component in the translation of animated films are significant for the theory and practice of audiovisual translation and can be used in classes on the practice of translation from English into Russian and from Russian into English, in linguistic-stylistic analysis of the text, and in seminars on comparative lexicology.

The paper addresses one of the episodes in the history of the early Renaissance polemic about the theory and practice of translation, namely, the views on the goals and methods of translation as presented in Leonardo Bruni’s treatise De interpretatione recta and in the writings of one of the most talented and prolific translators of the time, George of Trebizond. Although the basic principles of translation which guided both authors dated back to the Antiquity, their views on the medieval practice of literal translation are rather different: while Bruni believed that medieval translators “distorted and mutilated” the works of ancient authors, George considered their methods to be the most suitable for the translation of “scholarly” writings (such as treatises of Aristotle and other philosophers).