How can we plant more flower bulbs into the landscape?

Lycoris is a summer bulbous flower that commonly needs to go through a long period of vegetative growth for 3 to 5 years before flowering. Plant flowering is regulated by a complex genetic network. Compared with most perennial flowers, knowledge on the molecular mechanism responsible for floral transition in bulbous flowers is lacking, and only a few genes that regulate flowering have been identified with few reports on the floral transition in Lycoris. In this study, we identified many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factors (TFs) by RNA-Seq in L. chinensis bulbs of different ages, including one- to four-year-old nonflowering bulbs and four-year-old flowering bulbs. Some DEGs were enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms between the three- and four-year-old bulbs, and there most genes were enriched in terms of metabolic process and catalytic activity. In the four-year old bulbs, most of the DEGs that may be involved in flowering were classified under the GO term biological process, which was a totally different result from the vegetative bulbs. Some DEGs between flowering and nonflowering bulbs were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, including the hormones auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and ethylene, but no DEGs were enriched in the gibberellin pathway. Auxin is the main endogenous phytohormone involved in bulb growth and development, but cytokinin, abscisic acid, and ethylene were shown to increase in flowering bulbs. In addition, energy-metabolism-related genes maintain a high expression level in large bulbs, and some positive regulators (SPL, COL, and AP1) and early flowering genes were also shown to be highly expressed in the meristems of flowering bulbs. It suggested that sugar molecules may be the energy source that regulates the signal transduction of flowering by connecting with phytohormone signaling in Lycoris. A total of 1911 TFs were identified and classified into 89 categories, where the top six families with the largest gene numbers were C2H2, NAC, AP2/ERF-ERF, C3H, MYB-related, and WRKY. Most DEGs were in the AP2/ERF-ERF family, and most of them were downregulated in 4-year-old flowering bulbs. A number of families were reported to be involved in plant flowering, including NAC, AP2/ERF, MYB, WRKY, bZIP, MADS, and NF-Y. These results can act as a genetic resource to aid in the explanation of the genetic mechanism responsible for the flowering of Lycoris and other bulbous flowers.

This research was to study effect of storage condition on bulbs rotten rate during storage and the effect on growth and flowering rate after planting. The bulbs of Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum saundersiae Bak.) were harvested from Taiwan university Mei-Feng farm in the mid of January 2006, and dry in the sun in plastic greenhouse for six weeks, finally stored at 13-15℃, relative humidity 35-45% cool room for two months before experiment. Star-of-Bethlehem bulbs were stored at 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, and 25℃ respectively for 4, 10, and 14 weeks, the rotten rate at 10℃ after 10 weeks storage was 59.4％ and 62.5% for 14 weeks storage , while rotten rate of 20℃ after 14 weeks storage were 0％, it shows that 10℃ is not the suitable temperature for bulbs storage and 20℃ is the best storage temperature for bulbs storage within 14 weeks. Star-of-Bethlehem bulbs were stored at 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, and 25℃ respectively for 4, 10, and 14 weeks, it was observed after anatomized that the buds of all treatments were all flower buds. Abortion rate were 60% for treatment by 20℃ and 25℃ after 30 weeks storage. After 34 weeks storage all treatments had abortion bud, the least abortion rate was 20% for 15℃ treatment. Therefore, 20 ℃ and 25℃ was suitable only for 14 weeks storage and 15℃ was the best storage temperature for 30 to 34 weeks storage at this experiment. Star-of-Bethlehem bulbs were stored at 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, and 25℃ respectively for 4, 10, and 14 weeks, then planted at Taipei, Chun-Yang farm, and Mei-Feng farm, 20 and 25 ℃ treatment exhibited more number of leaf and faster leaf growth rate than 10℃ and 15℃ treatment . Flowering rate would decline with storage days. After 14 weeks storage, Mei-Feng farm had the lowest flowering rate . 20℃ storage for 14 weeks could maintain acceptable flowering rate, and 10℃storage had lowest flowering rate. Bulbs treat by 20℃ storage then planted in Taipei exhibited the most number of total florets . In general, days to flowering of star–of-Bethlehem decreased with storage temperature drop and increased with altitude of plant area rising. The number of total florets decreased with storage temperature drop and with storage time increasing and with altitude of plant rising. Bulb sizes of Star–of-Bethlehem were divided into 3 sizes by weight, big（90 to 120 g）, middle（60 to 90 g）, and small（30 to 60 g）before storage, to discuss the effect of bulb sizes on germinating rate and flowering rate. Result exhibited that bulb sizes had no relation with germinating rate. Flowering rate of 3 sizes bulbs after 14 weeks storage were 75％, 60％, and 40％ respectively, and there was significant difference. It shows that the lower flowering rate, the smaller bulb size had after 14 weeks storage. The length of stalk grew with bulb sizes being bigger and big bulbs had the most total florets during 14 weeks storage. Bulbs of Star–of-Bethlehem were treat with 0 KJ/m2, 0.5 KJ/m2, 1 KJ/m2, and2 KJ/m2 UV-C, then stored respectively at 10 and 15℃ cool room. Rotten rate at 10℃ storage after 14 weeks was 80％. Bulbs were all rotten after 30 weeks storage. Bulbs were not rotten for 4 intensity UV-C treatments after 30 weeks storage at 15℃ .UV-C treatment had no effect on decreasing bulb rotten rate at 10℃ storage temperature. Star–of-Bethlehem bulbs after 481 days storage, there was 60% flower bud and 40% leaf bud being observed. 130 Bulbs were planted at 2007/11/3, only 5 stalk observed at 2008/1/4.The earliest date for the bulb to flowering were 2007/11/3, stalk length was 78 cm, the other 4 stalk length were 121㎝, 102㎝, 134.5㎝, and 97㎝ respectively, did not flower till 2008/1/4.

PROPAGATION AND PROTECTION OF FLOWER BULBS: CURRENT APPROACHES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NARCISSUS

At Mei-Feng highland farm of National Taiwan University, the harvested bulbs of Ornithogalum saundersiae Bak. were solarized in plastic house for six weeks. In early March, some tested bulbs were planted as check and the others were stored in dark incubators of 3℃, 8℃ and 20℃ or continuously solarized in plastic house, respectively. Stored and solarized bulbs were planted in early May and early July. The subsequent growth of the bulbs showed that delayed the flowering period due to low temperature growth restriction. The incidence of bulbs decay rose with the expending of storage period. Solarized bulbs were good in sprout rate, flowering rate, no. of flower stalk per bulb and flower stalk length. Bulbs stored in 3℃ behaved badly and decayed seriously, even reached to 100% after four-month storage. After fourmonth storage, bulbs stored in 8℃ behaved moderately and those could delay flowering to mid-November. Bulbs stored in 20℃ after two months behaved the same as bulbs solarized in plastic house, and could force flowering to early August. To summarize the results, 3℃ is not suitable the bulb of 'Star of Bethleham'. Bulbs solarized in plastic house usually flowered in normal season in spite of the different from March to May. While only delayed flowering about half a month when planted in July. Bulbs stored in 20℃ for two months can force flowering earlier, and bulbs stored in 8℃ for four months can delay flowering properly.

A field experiment was undertaken to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the growth, biomass yield and fresh bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown on vertisol of Shewa Robit, North east Ethiopia. Five rates of N (0, 69, 92, 115, 138 kg ha-1) and five rates of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 kg ha-1) were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. Nitrogen showed significant effects in all of the parameters studied, while P fertilization and its interaction with N did not. The proportion of bolters per plot decreased by about 11 and 22% in response to the application of 69 and 92 kg N ha-1, respectively over the control. Regardless of the rate, N fertilization day extended days to physiological maturity by about 6 days over the control. Application of 69 kg N ha-1increased plant height and leaf length by about 10 and 11.5%, respectively over the unfertilized check. Number of leaves increased by about 8% in response to the application of 92 kg N ha-1 over the control. Leaf diameter and bulb length were not influenced by N fertilization. Regardless of the rate of application, N fertilization increased bulb diameter and average bulb weight by about 12 and 21.5%, respectively over the control. Application of 69 kg N ha-1 increased the development of splitted bulbs by about 45%, average bulb weight by 24%, total dry biomass by 20%, harvest index by about 4%, total bulb yield by 18%, and marketable bulb yield by 17% over the control. Application of 69 kg N ha-1 enhanced the growth of onion plant and resulted in optimum fresh total and marketable bulb yield on the vertisol of Shewa Robit, North east Ethiopia. The lack of significant response in onion to P fertilization could be attributed to the presence of adequate amounts of available P (16.02 ppm) in the soil and hence P fertilization for onion production is not advisable. Key words: Bulb diameter, bulb splitting, neck thickness, onion bolting, onion maturity.

Objective To observe the anatomic and imaging morphology ofjugnlar bulb and its relationship with the surrounding structures, and to investigate the classification ofjugnlar bulb and its clinical significance. Methods We dissected 30 human temporal bones and studied multi-slice spiral CT imaging data of temporal bone of 120 cases and blood vessel cast mould specimen of the jugular bulb of 6 cases, to observe the morphology of jugnlar bulb and its spatial relationship with the surrounding structures. We made an imagined sagittal plane on the medial well of the tympanic cavity, with a horizontal tangent line of the proximal wall of the tympanic cavity and a vertical tangent line of the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity as coordinate axes (X axis and Y axis), respectively, so the 4 quadrants ( Ⅰ , Ⅱ, Ⅳ, Ⅳ) were formed. The jugular bulb was classified intro 4 types according to the quadrant where its top was projected and subtyped according to its position on the inner or outer side of the plane. The operation via mastoid approach was simulated on specimen to observe the effect of jugnlar bulb on the operation route. Results Some jugular bulbs were flat type and others were prominent types. The classification in the group of CT image: type Ⅰ , 11 case (9%);type Ⅱ, 63 cases (53%);type Ⅲ, 25 cases (21%);type Ⅳ, 21cases (17%). The classification in the group of specimen: type Ⅰ, 1 case (3%);type Ⅱ, 11 cases (37%);type Ⅲ, 8 cases (27%);type Ⅳ, 10 cases (33%). Each type of the jugular bulb had different effects on the operative approach. Conclusions The classification method with the 4 quadrants is a simple and three-dimensional way to describe the position of the jugular bulb for imaging diagnosis or operative scheme design. Key words: Jugular bulb; Spiral CT image; Imaging diagnosis; Anatomy

The aim of this research was to identify the morphological characteristics of several local Samosir shallot which was conducted in Bakti Raja, Humbang Hasundutan district i.e. Siunong-unong Julu, Marbun Dolok, Simamora, Marbun Toruan, Sinambela-Simanulang and Simangulampe start from July till August 2015. This research was implemented by using randomized block design non factorial with 3 replicants. The parameters observed were time flowering, leaves colour, bulbs shape, bulbs colour, plant length, leaves number, tillers number per clump, wet bulbs weight, dry bulbs weight, bulbs number per clump, diameter of bulbs, 100 bulbs dry weight, wet-dry bulbs weight decrease. The result of research showed local Samosir shallot in six accession in Bakti Raja districts have narrow kuantitative related. The morphological differentiator characteristic of the accessions was wet bulbs weight. The potential yields of each accession shown that the shallot from Marbun Toruan has the highest yields potential i.e 15,20 ton/ha then Siunong-unong Julu i.e 12,00 ton/ha, Simangulampe i.e 11,93 ton/ha, Simamora i.e 11,76 ton/ha, Sinambela-Simanulang i.e 11,36 ton/ha and Marbun Dolok i.e 11,07 ton/ha wet bulbs.

The research on increasing the quantity of shallots (Allium cepa fa. ascalonicum L.) with various sources of kalium and sulfur, conducted in July until September 2017 in Sawangan, Magelang. The latitude is 400 m, with the soils regosol and pH 5,6. The research used factorial experiment (3x3) arranged in a randomized complete block design, with three blocks. The first factor is the source of kaliumwich consists of three levels, without kalium, KCl and KNO 3 . The second factor is the source of sulfur wich consists of three levels, without sulfur, ZA and Petro-Cas. The result of the research show that KCl fertilizer increased longest leaf length, fresh weight of bulb per plot and dry weight of bulb per plot. KNO 3 fertilizer increased fresh weight of bulb per plot, dry weight of bulb per plot, fresh weight of stover and dry weight of stover. ZA fertilizer increased longest leaf length, fresh weight of bulb per hill, dry weight keep thr bulb per hill, fresh weight of bulb per plot, dry weight of bulb per plot, fresh weight of stover and dry weight of stover. Petro-cas fertilizer not increased in all observation parameter. The combination of treatments of kalium and sulfur sources give the same results on the fresh weight of bulb per plot and dry weight of bulb per plot.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF QUALITY INSPECTIONS TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DUTCH FLOWERBULBS AND ACCESS TO EXPORT MARKETS

Analysis of variance (mean square) revealed the existence of highly significant variation for all the traits except leaf width (4th leaf) indicating greater variability in the germplasm. High estimates of heritability were obtained for pseudostem diameter, days to maturity, polar diameter of bulb, equatorial diameter of bulb, average weight of 10 cloves and plant height. Average weight of 10 cloves, number of cloves per bulb, bulb yield per hectare, equatorial diameter of bulb and plant height exhibited higher value of genetic advance as percentage of mean. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for equatorial diameter of bulb, average weight of 10 cloves and plant height at 60 days after planting (DAP) suggesting that they can be improved through direct selection. Path coefficient analysis revealed that highest consideration for varietal improvement should be given to plant height, polar diameter of bulb, average weight of 10 cloves, number of cloves per bulb and pseudostem diameter and these traits are also positively and significantly correlated with bulb yield per plant in garlic. Key words: Garlic germplasm, traits, analysis of variance.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) may suffer from various bulb rot diseases during postharvest storage, including internal brown rot caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Cother et al., 1976). Onion bulbs, stored at room temperature, were sampled in Chiayi city, Taiwan in July 2017. The bulbs were externally asymptomatic but symptoms of internal brown rot occurred in 6% of bulbs. Repeatedly a bacterium was isolated on nutrient agar from surface-sterilized tissue of diseased onion bulb and fluoresced under UV light while cultured on King’s B plates. Several isolates were purified and maintained on King’s B plates, and produced fluorescence. Two isolates, OP01 and OP03, were stored in Luria-Bertani broth with 20% glycerol at -80°C. They were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa by API 20 NE system (Biomerieux) and phenotypically similar to a reference strain of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Furthermore, the 16S rDNA sequence of the strain OP01 was amplified using the primers fD1/rP1 (Weisburg et al., 1991) and sequenced (GenBank accession number MF946565). Blastn analysis of 16S rDNA indicated that the onion-pathogenic strain was P. aeruginosa (100% identity to P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, AB594760). For pathogenicity assay, surface-sterilized onion bulbs were injected with a bacterial suspension (Schwartz and Otto, 2000). P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was included as a control strain. After incubation at 28°C for 14 days in closed plastic bags in the dark, the artificially inoculated bulbs exhibited symptoms indistinguishable from those observed in natural infections, but not the control bulbs. The same fluorescent bacterium could be consistently re-isolated from the inoculated bulbs, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aeruginosa causing internal brown rot of stored onion in Taiwan.

Objective To study the MRI findings of congenital dysosmia. Methods Forty-seven patients with congenital dysosmia (39 with Kallmann syndrome and 8 with isolated dysosmia) and 21 normal volunteers underwent MRI examination. The features of congenital malformation were recorded. The volume of olfactory bulbs, depth of olfactory sulei as well as diameters of pituitary glands and stalks were measured. The rate of dysplasia of olfactory bulbs and tracts in the two patients groups was compared with χ2 test. The difference of volume of olfactory bulbs between the two groups was evaluated with nonparametrie test. And the difference of diameters of pituitary glands and stalks was analyzed with analysis of variance. Results All the patients had abnormal findings in olfactory bulbs, tracts and/or olfactory sulci on MR images. The patterns of congenital malformation may be dysplastic or hypoplastic, symmetric or asymmetric. The proportion of patients with dysplasia of olfactory bulbs and tracts in Kallmann syndrome patients ( 31/39 ) was higher than that in isolated dysosmia ones ( 2/8 ) ( χ2= 6. 998, P = 0. 008 ), and the olfactory bulbs' volume of patients with Kallmann syndrome ( median 8 mm3 ) was smaller than that of patients with isolated dysosmia ( median 22 mm3 ) ( Z = - 2. 902, P = 0. 004 ). The pituitary glands were smaller and the stalks were thinner in patients with Kallmann syndrome than those in volunteers [ the anteroposterior diameter of pituitary glands in Kallmann syndrome (7. 22±1.93) mm, that in normal volunteers (9. 94±1.59) ram, F=16.835, P=0. 000; height of pituitary glands in Kallmann syndrome (3.71±1.74) mm, that in normal volunteers (6. 00±1.24) ram, F = 16. 092, P = 0. 000; the anteroposterior diameter of pituitary stalks in Kallmann syndrome ( 1.19±0. 55 ) mm, that in normal volunteers ( 1.88±0. 49 ) mm, F = 13.060, P =0. 000]. Conclusions In congenital dysosmic patients, dysplasia or hypoplasia of olfactory bulbs, tracts and sulei can be clearly depicted on MR images. MR imaging is valuable for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Key words: Olfaction disorders; Kallmann syndrome; Magnetic resonance imaging

The olfactory bulb of mammals aids in the discrimination of odors. A mathematical model based on the bulbar anatomy and electrophysiology is described. Simulations of the highly non-linear model produce a 35-60 Hz modulated activity, which is coherent across the bulb. The decision states (for the odor information) in this system can be thought of as stable cycles, rather than as point stable states typical of simpler neuro-computing models. Analysis shows that a group of coupled non-linear oscillators are responsible for the oscillatory activities. The output oscillation pattern of the bulb is determined by the odor input. The model provides a framework in which to understand the transformation between odor input and bulbar output to the olfactory cortex. This model can also be extended to other brain areas such as the hippocampus, thalamus, and neocortex, which show oscillatory neural activities. There is significant correspondence between the model behavior and observed electrophysiology. It has also been suggested that the olfactory bulb, the first processing center after the sensory cells in the olfactory pathway, plays a role in olfactory adaptation, odor sensitivity enhancement by motivation, and other olfactory psychophysical phenomena. The input from the higher olfactory centers to the inhibitory cells in the bulb are shown to be able to modulate the response, and thus the sensitivity, of the bulb to odor input. It follows that the bulb can decrease its sensitivity to a pre-existing and detected odor (adaptation) while remaining sensitive to new odors, or can increase its sensitivity to discover interesting new odors. Other olfactory psychophysical phenomena such as cross-adaptation are also discussed.

Background: The granule and periglomerular cells of the olfactory bulb migrate from the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) as progenitor cell forming the neuronal stream of the rostral olfactory bulb. These cells are characterized by their ability to divide while expressing adult proteins; a phenomenon attributed to the prolonged cell cycle and the regulatory activities of proteins which modulates apoptosis and proliferation in the developing nervous system. Of interest are the proteins concerned with tumor suppression (p53) and cell cycle exit (Bax) and how they regulate survivability of these neurons in the adult system after an induced oxidative stress. Purpose: This study sets to investigate the interplay between p53 and Bax in the adult olfactory bulb (periglomerular and granule cell layer),and how these proteins determine proliferation and neuronal survival after Cytochrome C induced-oxidative stress. Also, we demonstrate the effect of the induced-stress threshold on such regulation in vivo . Methods : Adult Wistar rats were segregated into three groups. 10 and 20 mg/Kg BW of potassium cyanide (KCN) was administered to the treatment groups for 15 days while the control received normal saline for the same duration. The olfactory bulb was dissected and processed for general histology and immunohistochemistry of p53/Bax in the periglomerular and granule cell layers. Total (Histology) and immunopositive (p53 and Bax) cell count was done using Image J. Subsequently, we determined the analysis of variance with significance. Results : We observed an increase in cell count for the 10mg/KgBW treatment; this was characterized by a significant decrease in Bax expression and no change in p53 expression when this treatment group was compared to the control. However, no change was observed in the total cell count for 20mg/Kg BW treatment for the same duration of exposure.Interestingly, there was also no significant change in Bax and p53 for this treatment when compared with the control. Conclusion: Although p53 plays an important role in development of the olfactory bulb neurons, our findings suggests it has little contribution in neuronal cell viability and proliferation in the adult olfactory bulb. No significant change in p53 was observed irrespective of treatment dose and cell count while Bax expression was reduced at 10mg/KgBW treatment and was associated with an increased cell count. We conclude that regulation of survival of neurons in the adult olfactory bulb, following induced-oxidative stress was more dependent of the expression of Bax and the threshold of the induced stress rather than p53 expression.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic opening of the common bile duct in the duodenal bulb. Methods The clinical data of 3 patients who were admitted to the Binzhou People's Hospital and 9 patients who were admitted to the Tianjin People's Hospital from January 2006 to December 2013 with ectopic opening of the common bile duct in the duodenal bulb were retrospectively analyzed. Seven patients had choledocholithiasis and 5 had stenosis at the end of common bile duct. The medical histories and clinical features in patients were analyzed and routine blood test and serum liver function test were done. All the patients received the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) examination and were cured. All the patients were followed up via outpatient examination and telephone interview up to August 2014. Results Six patients had histories of cholangitis recurrence and 2 had histories of duodenal ulcer recurrence. All the patients had pain in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen. Seven patients had fever, chills, skin yellowing sclera and tenderness in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) in 11 patients, the levels of TBil and DBil in 8 patients and the count of WBC in 7 patients were increased. (1) The results of ERCP showed as follows: there was no papillar opening at the second and third segment of duodenum. The crack-like opening located at the duodenal post-bulb with rough and erosive mucosal surfaces and intermittent outflow of bile. Duodenal ulcer was detected in 5 patients and duodenal bulb metamorphosis in 3 patients. All the 12 patients received successfully intubations. (2) The results of retrograde cholangiography showed as follows: the end of common bile duct of 12 patients was taper and sickle-shaped. Intra-and extrahepatic bile duct dilation was detected in 10 patients, choledocholithiasis in 7 patients and clear findings for the pancreatic duct in 5 patients. Among the 12 patients, 8 received balloon dilation (5 with stenosis at the end of common bile duct , 3 with choledocholithiasis) , 3 received laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) combined with cholangioenterostomy due to diameter of stone more than 1. 5 cm and ectopic opening stenosis of the common bile duct in the duodenal bulb. One patient was treated by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) lithotomy of common bile duct after unsuccessful ERCP without bleeding and pancreatitis-related complications. The symptoms of cholangitis in 3 patients were alleviated after balloon dilation, 2 patients had recurrence of cholangitis and were cured by Roux-en-Y cholangioenterostomy. The mean open surgery time and mean duration of postoperative hospital stay in 5 patients were 85 minutes (range, 60-150 minutes) and 10 days (range, 8-14 days) , respectively. All the 12 patients were followed up with a median time of 38 months (range, 8-90 months) . During the follow-up, 10 patients survived well without recurrence of cholangitis and cholelithiasis. Two patients had recurrence of cholangitis at postoperative month 2 and month 14, including 1 patient with the recurrence of common bile duct sand-like stones, and they were readmitted to hospital and treated by Roux-en-Y cholangioenterostomy without recurrence by follow-up. Conclusions The clinical symptoms of ectopic opening of the common bile duct in the duodenal bulb included recurrence of cholangitis, duodenal ulcer history, pain in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen, skin yellowing sclera, abnormal liver function, crack-like openings in the duodenal bulb by ERCP examination with outflow of bile, cholangiography-guided taper and sickle-shaped end of common bile duct. The treatment should be aimed at the concomitant diseases. Key words: Common bile duct ectopic opening; Duodenal bulb; Diagnosis; Therapy