How can Forensic Linguistics help law enforcement officers? Past, present and future applications

Author’s Introduction The study of language variation is fundamental to both sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics (FL). By understanding the similarities between the two fields, sociolinguists can begin to contribute to forensic issues, such as speaker identification. In forensic speaker identification, the linguist determines whether an unknown voice belongs to a known speaker. An example of this would be determining the likelihood that a recorded extortion threat was made by a particular suspect. FL is an applied field which is not only valuable to academia but to society as well. In the United States, many FL tasks are performed by nonlinguists; however, a few sociolinguists have stepped up to the challenge. Sociolinguists are especially well equipped for forensic casework, as they are already familiar with working with real speech and its inherent variation. In this guide, forensic speaker identification is approached by analyzing five types of variation, which sociolinguists are amply familiar with: variation across groups of speakers, variation within speakers, variation between speakers, variation over time, and variation in perception. Author Recommends Forensic Linguistics Rose, Philip. 2002. Forensic speaker identification. New York: Taylor & Francis. A must for anyone interested in forensic phonetics. This is a thorough introduction to forensic phonetics that promotes a Bayesian (likelihood ratio or LR) framework for interpreting the importance of various linguistic parameters. Detailed coverage is given to all aspects of forensic speaker identification, with helpful comments on the forensic significance of several phonetic issues. Hollien, Harry. 2002. Forensic voice identification. London: Academic Press. Another comprehensive book about forensic phonetics. This is a great reference and introduction. The writing style is informal and enjoyable, and the book is peppered with interesting short stories about previous cases. International Journal of Speech, Language, and the Law (formerly Forensic Linguistics ). The go‐to journal for FL. This is certainly not limited to forensic phoneticians; originally entitled Forensic Linguistics , the journal changed its name in 2003 to reflect a broader scope of language and law issues. Membership in IAFPA and/or IAFL (see Internet Resources that follow) includes subscription to this. Coulthard, Malcolm and Alison Johnson. 2008. An introduction to forensic linguistics. New York: Routledge. This is a good introduction to the many varied topics that fall within the domain of FL, such as text analysis and legal language. It is great for a class on FL in general that will not be focusing on forensic phonetics. Shuy, Roger W. 2006. Linguistics in the courtroom: a practical guide. New York: Oxford University Press. Once the linguist begins to get involved with forensic cases, this handbook will explain how to go about the actual casework. It gives practical advice for every step of the case, from starting out to dealing with attorneys to courtroom testimony. Sociolinguistics Milroy, Lesley and Matthew Gordon. 2003. Sociolinguistics: method and interpretation. Malden, MA: Blackwell. This is what every sociolinguist should read before launching a research project. It explains the history and theory behind every aspect of sociolinguistic methodology. Bayley, Robert and Ceil Lucas. 2007. Sociolinguistic variation: theories, methods, and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. An up‐to‐date overview of the field of sociolinguistics. Each chapter is a different topic written by a leading expert. Sections include theories, methods, and applications. Chambers, J. K., Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling‐Estes. 2002. The handbook of language variation and change. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Another great resource that covers the spectrum of language variation research. The chapters are again written by sociolinguistic leaders. Sections include methodologies, linguistic structure, social factors, contact, and language and societies. Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling‐Estes. 2002. American English: dialects and variation. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Good introduction to dialects and language variation in the United States. Internet Resources International Association of Forensic Phonetics and Acoustics (IAFPA): < http://www.iafpa.net > Website for the International Association of Forensic Phonetics and Acoustics. Includes a code of practice and resolutions, as well as association and conference information. International Association of Forensic Linguists (IAFL): < http://www.iafl.org > Website for the International Association of Forensic Linguists. Includes an expansive bibliography (through 2002) in addition to association and conference information. Forensic‐Linguistics List: < https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi‐bin/webadmin?A0=forensic‐linguistics > A fairly active e‐mail listserv dealing with various FL themes. Dynamic Variability in Speech (DyViS): < http://www.ling.cam.ac.uk/dyvis/ > Website for the Dynamic Variability in Speech project. The authors of a large forensic phonetic study of British English provide a detailed overview of their project, along with downloadable reports of their results. Thomas, Erik R. and Tyler Kendall. 2007. NORM: The vowel normal

This research aims to analyze the application of forensic linguistics in the process of investigating criminal language cases carried out by NTB Police Criminal Investigators and linguists. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data obtained was then analyzed with a forensic linguistic approach to find out the application of linguistics and theoretical approaches used to analyze speech or cases of insult and defamation. The results of this study show that 1. The application of forensic linguistics by investigators of the Directorate of Special Criminal Investigation Unit Sub-Directorate V Cyber in the Investigation. 2. Analysis of Language experts or forensic Linguistics in case of insults and defamation at the NTB regional police.

The existence of information from forensic linguistics experts and forensic psychology experts is very much needed by law enforcement officers in the criminal justice system. to make light of a crime. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of forensic linguistics and forensic psychology experts in helping law enforcement officers to seek and find the truth in order to make light of a crime. The research method used in this research is normative legal research which is complemented by social legal research. The approach used is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data collection technique is literature study and analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that information from forensic linguistics experts and forensic psychologists could be requested from the start of the investigation phase even if required by the judge, forensic linguistics and forensic psychology experts could be presented in the trial process either by the public prosecutor or by the defendant's legal counsel, whose main purpose is assist law enforcement officers to make light of a crime. Thus, the existence of information from forensic linguistics and forensic psychology experts is very much needed in an integrated criminal justice system. However, there are some limitations such as lack of human resources, lack of legal knowledge possessed by experts, conflicts of interest and differences in paradigms from experts even though they have the same specifications are some of the obstacles that are often faced by law enforcement officers when faced with situations that require the role of an expert.

Forensic linguistics, a multidisciplinary field that applies linguistic analysis to legal and professional contexts, plays a critical role in legal proceedings and investigations. This study explores its applications in Uzbekistan, where the intersection of linguistics and law is particularly significant due to the country's linguistic diversity and socio-cultural dynamics. The article examines cases involving insults (haqorat), defamation (tuhmat), and other contentious languages, analyzing speech and text’s semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features. It highlights the methodological challenges of regional dialects, cultural idioms, and hierarchical social structures. Additionally, the study addresses the broader applications of forensic linguistics, including analyzing extremist materials, authorship disputes, and evaluating legal documents. Recommendations include establishing linguistic databases, training programs for forensic linguists, and policy reforms to enhance linguistic expertise in legal contexts. The findings underscore the vital role of forensic linguistics in ensuring fairness, accountability, and justice in Uzbekistan’s legal system, emphasizing the importance and impact of the field.

As majority of criminal cases in the Philippines are often challenged by the plight to obtain voluntary narratives from Children who are in Conflict with the Law (CICL) (National Police Commission, Department of the Interior and Local Government, Republic of the Philippines 2009.Adoption of the police manual on the management of cases of children in conflict with the law (CICL) and the simplified rules in the apprehension and investigation of CICL, Resolution No. 415.), and Forensic Linguistics being a relatively new field in the local setting, it is timely to assess the questioning strategies heavily relied upon by law enforcement officers in the investigative process. However, questioning strategies geared to address purely the investigations of children in conflict with the law has so far been hardly formally investigated. This study was aimed at examining the questioning strategies used in by the authorities in investigating adolescents accused ofcrime against property. Fifteen transcripts of audio-recorded investigative interviews from selected law enforcement authorities in Manila and Quezon City were analyzed vis-à-vis (Shepherd, Eric. 2007.Investigative interviewing: The conversation management approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press). Forms of Questions and (Gibbons, John. 2003.Forensic Linguistics: An introduction to language in the justice system. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing) Cognitive Interview (CI) frameworks. Based on (Shepherd, Eric. 2007.Investigative interviewing: The conversation management approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press) Shepherd’s framework, results yielded reveal that most officers employed counter-productive questions, i.e. abusive, intimidating, and aggressive techniques to prompt controlled confession from alleged youth offenders. The study also found that the investigative officers did not follow a specific interviewing structure in handling cases of alleged youth offenders. As the use of appropriate questioning techniques have been presented in the study, it is recommended that a pivotal redraft be made in police CICL interviewing manuals.

Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic knowledge and theory to forensic, legal, or criminal contexts. This article sets out some of the ways the forensic linguists can and do contribute to cybercrime investigations, as well as indicating how a basic knowledge of linguistics can be of use to investigators. This article introduces both investigative and evidentiary applications, including comparative authorship analysis, sociolinguistic profiling, and the determination of meaning. Through a discussion of casework and research this article aims to increase awareness and provide an introduction into the field of forensic linguistics, and its potential applications within the field of cybercrime. This article will focus on native language influence detection as an example of an area of forensic linguistic research and methodology that can be applied in cybercrime casework, discussing both the research and its findings, and demonstrating potential application.

This research is important because the type of language forensic research is still very minimal. The next reason is more on the interest and interest of researchers in understanding language forensics. Research aims; (1) conduct a forensic linguistic study through the application of statement analysis on the Conversation of the Murder Case Trial at the Makassar District Court; and (2) find out what are the contributions of applied forensic linguistics statement analysis on the Conversation of the Murder Case Trial at the Makassar District Court. This research is study descriptive Qualitative research with forensic linguistics approach applies statement analysis to the Conversation of the Murder Case Session at the Makassar District Court. The data of this research is the conversation of the murder case trial at the Makassar District Court and the source of the data is the recorded conversation of the murder case trial at the Makassar District Court. Data collection techniques are; recording technique, listening technique, and note-taking technique. Analysis qualitative data is inductive, namely an analysis based on the data obtained. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that; (1)analysis results in application statement analysis In the conversational language forensics of the murder case trial at the Makassar District Court, seven patterns of statement analysis criteria were found, namely; (a) the use of terms of action phrases; (b) the use of special meaning phrases; (c) perception builder; (d) verb euphemisms; (e) use of pronouns; (f) excessive “I”; and (g) time span patterns; and (2) the results of the application analysis statement analysis In forensics the conversational language of the murder case trial at the Makassar District Court can make an important contribution in the form of forensic results that can be a means of confirming factual information and can be used as a tool to legitimize criminal events. These two forms of contribution can be academic proposals for judges to enforce the law fairly and wisely.

В статье рассматривается становление юридической лингвистики как междисциплинарной области научных исследований в зарубежных странах.

It is a sign of overweening ambition if not hubris to think that all of applied linguistics can fit between two covers. Dynamic even when the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (ARAL) began publication in 1981, applied linguistics has continued to change, grow, and redefine its areas of coverage, even as many other journals have emerged in the intervening 25 years. Writing in the 20th anniversary issue of ARAL, my editorial predecessors, Robert Kaplan and William Grabe, provide the historical context for the establishment of ARAL and show how it came to fit into the context of applied linguistics as the field evolved from the mid-20th century to the beginning of the 21st. They summarize the key notions that characterize applied linguistics and remark that it “commonly includes a core set of issues and practices that are readily identified as work done by many applied linguists (language teaching, language teacher preparation, and language curriculum development)” along with “several further identifiable subfields of study: bilingual studies, corpus linguistics, forensic linguistics, language contact studies, language testing, language translation and interpretation, language use in professional contexts, lexicography and dictionary making, literacy, second language acquisition, and second language writing research” (Kaplan & Grabe, 2000, p. 5). The variety and diversity of these subfields defy attempts to gather them into a single volume (although some useful recent handbooks have done so; see, for example, Davies & Elder, 2004; Kaplan, 2002); furthermore, at present, topics in applied linguistics are commonly addressed through entire handbooks for particular subfields (Bhatia & Ritchie, 2004; Doughty & Long, 2003; Spolsky, 1999) or even in multivolume sets such as the Encyclopedia of Language and Education (Corson, 1997). Hence, this year's volume should perhaps be labeled a ‘selective’ survey, or even a sampling of the field, rather than an exhaustive inventory of all possible endeavors that warrant inclusion within applied linguistics. The present volume features research on some of the perennial concerns of applied linguistics, akin to Kaplan and Grabe's ‘core issues.’

This research describes the contribution of linguistics in forensic linguistics, especially in a legal context. This research is library research. The analysis shows that forensic linguistics applies language analysis and linguistic theories in linguistic events involved in the legal process, including products, interactions in the judicial process, and interactions between individuals that result in certain legal impacts. Forensic linguistic analysis involves linguistic fields, including phonetics, semantics, discourse and pragmatics, stylistics, morphological, syntactical, and sociological. The important role of forensic linguistics is supporting the law enforcement process, examining counterfeit documents, detecting plagiarism/lies, and analyzing sound recordings and conversations directly and indirectly. With the ‘power’ of the analysis tool of each branch, the results and conclusions obtained by linguistics forensic experts may indicate a high level of confidence. Many legal cases occur in society, including oral or written in social media such as cases of insults, defamation, threats, fraud, bullying, criticism, mockery, instigation, slander, insults, and defamation also other cases can be solved by using a forensic linguistic perspective. These cases may be quite challenging because everyone in this field is required to have comprehensive linguistic abilities with the support of elaborative capabilities of the use of spoken language or writing.

The aim of the article is to review the development of applied linguistics in Lithuania, analyse the general tendencies of the development of this science, and present the more prominent groups of researchers in applied linguistics, the schools that have been formed or are being formed, and the contribution of some researchers to the research of different branches of applied linguistics. The article focuses on the work started after the restoration of independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, because only from that time onwards did the work of Lithuanian applied linguistics enter the international mainstream of this science. It discusses some of the research and practical work related to the research that helps or has helped in certain periods to solve problems related to language in life. First of all, the article introduces the works on teaching Lithuanian as a foreign language, which are connected with the beginning of applied linguistics in Lithuania, and which have laid the appropriate methodological foundations for the formation of communicative competence, for the development of a new type of textbooks, pedagogical grammars of the Lithuanian language, and for the creation of a system of assessment of competences. After discussing the origins of applied linguistics in Lithuania, the paper discusses the further development of this science. Research in the field of language acquisition, sociolinguistics, language attrition, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, politeness and impoliteness, corpus and forensic linguistics, and other branches of applied linguistics is presented, and the real-life linguistic issues, analysed by Lithuanian researchers, are highlighted. The final section of the article describes the most important works of dissemination of applied linguistics and presents the research journal Taikomoji kalbotyra (“Applied Linguistics”), the international conferences on applied linguistics that have taken place in Lithuania, and the networks of researchers.

Law Enforcement and Patient Privacy Among Survivors of Violence: A Nationwide Mixed-Methods Study

Emergency Physician Watchdogs for Law Enforcement: If We Are the Hammer, Everything Will Look Like a Nail

Forensic Linguistics Implications for Legal Education: Creating the e-textbook on Language and Law

The article examines the challenges in detecting features of verbal extremism by analysing forensic practice, research papers on forensic linguistics and anti-extremist law, manuals developed by Russian law enforcement agencies and scientific and educational organizations. The article suggests a new approach to the methodological support of forensic linguistic examination of extremist discourse. This approach is based on the concept of a three-component structure of ‘extremist’ utterances. The author justifies the proposed classification of extremist speech acts and describes forensic diagnostic complexes corresponding to these speech acts. These complexes can serve as the reference samples for both linguistic experts (who conduct forensic examination) and the law enforcement officers (who conduct forensic diagnostics). The use of standardized forensic diagnostic complexes of extremist speech acts which serve as a tool for classification of illegal verbal behaviour allows to maintain the balance between the right to freedom of speech and pluralism of opinions, on the one hand, and protection against abuse of these rights (protection of media security), on the other hand.