Household-level data on food-water-energy nexus consumption in the urban areas of the Pune Metropolitan Region, India.

Background: Quality of care (QoC) of family planning (FP) affects contraceptive use, and it varies across types of urban settlement. This study assesses the difference in service delivery point (SDP) structural and process factors between formal and informal urban settlements, and the opinion of the client on the QoC in informal settlements. This is useful in creating an evidence base to advocate for better quality services for the most vulnerable in society.Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey that included SDPs of Kira municipality in Wakiso district, Uganda. Data were collected from all the service points in Kira municipality with the caretakers consented. In addition, using multi-stage sampling, 626 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) who lived in the informal settlements of Kira municipality were interviewed. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, descriptive analysis was carried out in Stata version 14.0, and Chi-square and t-tests were used to compare the informal with the formal settlements.Results: Formal settlements generally had more higher-level SDPs compared to informal settlements (value of p < 0.001). SDPs in the formal settlements provided more FP methods and had more community health workers (CHW) to support their work. Also, SDPs in the formal settlements were more likely to have long-term FP methods available and more likely to have trained personnel to insert and remove implants and IUDs compared to those in informal settlements. Additionally, more SDPs in the formal settlements provided counseling for permanent, long-term, and short-term FP methods. Of the 626 interviewed women, most of the women (68.6%) reported that they would not return to the previous FP provider or refer a friend to the same provider (72.7%).Conclusions: There is a lower quality FP services in the informal settlements with a commensurable effect on the client satisfaction with the services. Therefore, improving the quality of FP services in informal settlements should be a top priority. Improved quality of services could act as a motivation to increase the uptake of modern contraceptives in such settings.

Urban water utilities in rapidly developing regions face growing challenges in ensuring continuous supply. Intermittent public water supply leads to unreliable and inequitable access, compelling households to adopt energy-intensive coping strategies. This creates a nexus between water and energy demand at the household level. Few econometric analyses of household water demand have explicitly addressed this demand-side nexus in developing regions. Using survey data from the city of Pimpri-Chinchwad, India, where intermittent water supply is prevalent, we analyze household expenditures related to water access and estimate a piped water demand function with a Discrete-Continuous Choice model. We find that electricity expenditures for accessing water exceed water bills for approximately one-third of households. Including these costs in affordability calculations reveals hidden financial burdens, particularly for middle-income households. Water and electricity prices, income, and household size significantly influence water demand, with an income elasticity of 0.177 and water price elasticities ranging from 0 to −0.876. The cross-price elasticity of −0.097 indicates weak complementarity between electricity and piped water, suggesting electricity price changes do affect water use but are insufficient to drive substantial behavioral shifts. Targeted price increases in high-consumption blocks are more effective at curbing overuse, while simultaneous increases in water and electricity prices may heighten household vulnerability. These findings highlight the need for integrated, nexus-aware demand management strategies, particularly in regions with intermittent supply.

Intermittent water supply (IWS) systems remain prevalent in community-managed water supply programs in rural and peri-urban areas. Although it serves 1,3 billion people worldwide, IWS poses challenges: frequent flow interruptions lead to infrastructure damage, intrusion, backflow, and biofilm release. This study aims to investigate the relationships between intermittency and water quality in 2 community-managed water supply systems in South Kalimantan, Indonesia with different intermittency regimes: continuous water supply (CWS) and IWS. The data collection consisted of household interviews (N=20) and water sample collection at the water source, water system output, and household (N=50). Microbial analysis of E. coli and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli was conducted using Aquagenx field test kits, respectively. Most households used Pamsimas as their primary water source for bathing and washing (80.0%). IWS households exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of E. coli (50.0%) and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (40.0%) contamination compared to CWS households (40.0% and 10.0%, respectively). A statistically significant correlation was identified between intermittency and AMR antimicrobial-resistant E. coli contamination (95% CI; p=0.028). This result suggests that IWS systems are more prone to contamination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than CWS systems, emphasizing the need for improved management practices and water quality assurance in IWS systems.

[EN] Increasing water demand due to population growth, reduction of available water resources due to pollution and climate change effects, which, in turn, increase the severity of external events, and poor management of water supply systems threaten the continuity of drinkable water supply. When a scenario under these conditions is set, water supply companies opt for intermittent supply and thus deliver water to users for just few hours during the day.\nHowever, intermittent water supply must be the last resort under water scarcity conditions mainly due to: damage caused to the system infrastructure, health risks, and supply equity impairment. Nevertheless, it is a fact that intermittent supply still remains a manner of water supply for millions of people around the world, mainly in developing countries. One third of Africa and Latin America population and more than a half of Asia's have intermittent water supply.\nIn the literature, there are two approaches to face intermittent supply related problems. The first one looks for continuous supply by improving the infrastructure and by increasing the amount of water at the supply sources. The second one, based on the recognition of the intermittent supply as a reality, tries to improve management of intermittent supply systems.\nThe first point of view, which focus upon reaching continuous supply, can, in turn, be subdivided into two: a direct way, which may be possible when enough resources are available to improve the infrastructure and increase water sources capacity within the short term; and, alternatively, a gradual transition, which considers the economic scarcity of the operator to reach continuous supply in a planned way in the medium term.\nOperators in systems with economic scarcity can hardly afford a direct transition due to economic limitations. Thus, other more feasible strategies must be considered and studied.\nIn this thesis, we propose a transition from intermittent to continuous supply based on complementary conditions of both points of view mentioned before, and by incorporating the term gradual transition, under the following considerations:\nFirst, we look for improving the equity supply. Therefore, technical management, sectorization, system capacity analysis, and supply schedule management measures are set up strongly regarding intermittent supply conditions and, consequently, recognizing intermittent supply as a reality.\nLater, measures must be focused on the gradual transition itself. Consequently, intermittent supply sectors are selected to become continuous. Sector selection considers several criteria preserving equity in current intermittent sectors. By using this procedure, we show that a planned and agreed transition that considers the operator's economic limitations is possible.\nIncidentally, the development of these tools enables us to trace back and evaluate the origin of an intermittent water supply system.\nAlthough this thesis mainly focuses on systems with economic scarcity and poor management, our proposals can also be useful for better management of systems with water scarcity.

Intermittent piped water supply impacts at least one billion people around the globe. Given the environmental and public health implications of poor water supply, there is a strong practical need to understand how and why intermittent supply occurs, and what strategies may be used to move utilities towards the provision of continuous water supply. Leveraging data from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities, we discover 42 variables that have statistically significant associations with intermittent water supply at the utility scale across 2115 utilities. We categorized these under the following themes: Physical infrastructure system scale, coverage, consumer type, public water points, financial, and non-revenue water and metering. This research identifies globally relevant factors with high potential for cross-context, scaled impact. In addition, using insights from the analysis, we provide empirically grounded recommendations and data needs for improved global indicators of utility performance related to intermittent supply.

Although an extensive literature emphasizes the disadvantages of intermittent water supply, it remains prevalent in rural areas of developing countries. Understanding the effects of water supply time restrictions on domestic water use activities and patterns, especially for hygienic purposes, is important for the elaboration of the water supply. We studied the influence of intermittent and continuous water supply on water consumption and related activities in villages in the central region of the Wei River basin, China. Data were collected from a survey of 225 households in the sampled villages. Compared with a continuous water supply of 24 h d−1 (hours per day), adopting an intermittent water supply can reduce domestic water consumption. However, it presents risks in terms of hygiene behavior, particularly the frequency of face, hands, and feet washing, as well as water sharing among family members. Outdoor water consumption is more affected than indoor water consumption under slight supply restriction (≥6 and 1.5 and < 6 h d−1). Villages with high supply restriction (≤1.5 h d−1) meet only the minimum basic requirements for domestic use, 33.6–34.7 L c−1 d−1 (liters per capita per day). We conclude that the determination of the daily water delivery duration for intermittent water supply in rural communities of developing countries should give greater consideration to differences in water use activities and patterns under the water supply time restrictions.

More than one billion people worldwide receive intermittent water supply (IWS), in which water is delivered through a pipe network for fewer than 24 h/day, limiting the quantity and accessibility of water. During the COVID-19 pandemic, stay-at-home orders and efforts to limit contact with others can affect water access for those with unreliable home water supplies. We explored whether water service delivery and household water-use behaviors changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubballi-Dharwad, India, and whether they differed if households had IWS or continuous (24×7) water supply through a longitudinal household survey in 2020-2021. We found few perceived differences in water service delivery or water access, although one-quarter of all households reported insufficient water for handwashing, suggesting an increased demand for water that was not satisfied. Many households with 24×7 supply reported water outages, necessitating the use of alternative water sources. These findings suggest that water demand at home increased and households with IWS and 24×7 both lacked access to sufficient water. Our findings indicate that water insecurity negatively affected households' ability to adhere to protective public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the importance of access to uninterrupted, on-premise water during public health emergencies.

IntroductionWith rapid economic and social development, surging demand for domestic water, and the increasing shortage of water resources, the applications of intermittent water supply systems have become more common in rural China and other developing countries. The accompanying hygiene risks require our more attention.MethodsBased on the Grossman model, this paper conducted an IV-Oprobit model to investigate whether and how intermittent water supply affect rural residents' self-rated health status. Our data came from “China Karst Rural Economic Survey (CKRS)”, which covers 8 provinces and 641 villages in rural China's karst region.Results and discussionWe found that: (1) Intermittent water supply has adverse effects on the self-rated health status of rural residents. Compared with the rural residents under continuous water supply, the probability of “fair” health status under intermittent water supply significantly increases by 18.2%, while the probability of “excellent” significantly reduces by 58.8%. (2) Residents' water storage behavior and sanitary water habit are important mechanisms for intermittent water supply to affect residents' self-rated health status; (3) Intermittent water supply has a greater impact on the self-rated health of females and the groups with lower education levels. The results of our study have the following policy implications: relevant departments should make a rational plan about water supply methods and improve related supporting measures; we should strengthen health education for rural residents on water behavior to standardize their water storage and sanitary water behavior; government should enhance the pertinence of policy implementation and favor specific measures to specific populations.

Urbanization has resulted in increasing the pace of informality, specifically in developing countries like India. Informality is taking place at locations that are exposed to various hazards, and therefore, resilience building of both informal and formal settlements is needed to achieve sustainable development. Resilience assessment is key in defining appropriate area-specific resilience measures. Given that, this research assesses the resilience of formal and informal settlements of Surat city in India and presents implications for sustainable development. To assess resilience, an indicator-based approach was taken, using a household survey to collect the data. Analysis suggests that the resilience of formal and informal settlements is significantly different. Key differences were found in physical and institutional resilience, where informal settlements were found to be significantly less resilient than formal settlements. Several measures, such as gender-sensitive education and livelihood programs, as well as mobile water and sanitation, have positive implications for sustainable development. Overall, the study can guide disaster managers and policy makers to adopt a strategic and more targeted approach to strengthen resilience and achieve sustainable development.

Aggregate estimates of food expenditure are consistent with such a possibility, implying income/expenditure elasticities close to one. However, the high degree of aggregation at which such estimates are made means that the considerable increase in price per nutrient as income increases is ignored, and the nutrient elasticities are therefore overstated. Estimates for a rural south Indian sample indicate that this bias is considerable and that the true nutrient elasticities with respect to income may be close to zero.

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Suburbanization is a process to shape built areas as an impact urban development expansion (Wiratmaja, 2002:33). The real form of suburbanization is shift settlements activity towards suburban area. Therefore, many new development settlements are made to accommodate city core inhabitants at this time. Pedalangan Subdistrict and Bulusan which are part of Banyumanik District also Tembalang has been filled by new formal settlements such as Graha Estetika, Graha Sapta Asri, Grand Tembalang Regency, Villa Tembalang, and Korpri. Whereas, urban settlements in Pedalangan Subdistrict also Bulusan is not only consist of estate that is part of formal settlements but also Kampong which is a part of informal settlements. Mostly, new developments of formal settlements build nearby informal settlements that have been there first. These things have a potential thing to emerge disparity related social, economic, cultural, physical, and spatial aspect. One of the most spatial impacts that will appear is the land price differentiation between formal and informal settlements. Based on that phenomenon is formulated statement research “There was land price differentiation as an impact of mix urban settlements between formal and informal settlements in suburban area.” This research aims to identify land price differentiation that occurred as an impact of mix urban settlements in suburban area. In order to achieve that purpose, the process of identification and analysis need to carry on towards factors that could affect the land price such as land physic characteristic, accessibility, facility and infrastructure availability, ownership status, and environmental quality. This research will use quantitative descriptive analysis with descriptive statistics based on the results of questionnaires and observation. Based on findings, that indicate there are only two factors that can be land price differentiation between formal and informal settlements is the ease of accessibility and facility and infrastructure availability. The land physic characteristic, ownership status, and environmental quality can not to identify land price differentiation because of these characteristics of each these factors are almost equally between formal and informal settlements. Based on the results of the study findings it can be concluded that there are land price differentiation between formal and informal settlements caused by mix urban settlements. It also need a form of problem solve such as zoning regulation, land conversion regulation, land transaction regulation, land taxation, and regulation of new building that aims to control development of suburban areas to be more focused by considering the integration process physical, social, and economic community.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;

The prevalence of intermittent water supply in South Africa was investigated in this research study. Data on intermittent water supply in South Africa was collated by considering the following four sources: a targeted water services provider survey; published databases and related reports; open-access publications, such as online media articles; and field visits by the project team to selected areas. The data were spatially and temporally analysed to determine the prevalence of intermittent water supply. The population affected by intermittent water supply increased by ~26% between 2008 and 2017, which exceeds the population increase of ~12% over the same period. Moreover, 22 million people in South Africa were affected by intermittent water supply in 2017. Results from this study confirm an increased prevalence of intermittent water supply over time and show that 65 of the 231 municipalities in South Africa supplied water intermittently, 32 had continuous water supply and 134 had no data. Fundamentally, the outcomes highlight the widespread occurrence of intermittent water supply in South Africa, which is in line with the poor state of water services delivery in South Africa, as portrayed in the 2018 National Water and Sanitation Master Plan by the national Department of Water and Sanitation.

A substantial number of water distribution systems (WDS) worldwide are operated as intermittent water supply (IWS) systems, delivering water to consumers in irregular and unreliable manners. The IWS consumers commonly adapt to flexible consumption behaviors characterized by storing the limited water available during shorter supply periods in intermediate storage facilities for subsequent usage during more extended nonsupply periods. Nevertheless, the impacts of such consumer behavior on the performance of IWS systems have not been adequately addressed. Toward this direction, this article presents a novel open-source Python-based simulation tool (EPyT-IWS) for WDS, virtually acting like an IWS modeling extension of EPANET 2.2. The applicability of EPyT-IWS was demonstrated by conducting hydraulic simulations of a typical WDS with representative IWS attributes. Different IWS operation cases were considered by varying the amount and consistency of the water availability to the consumers. EPyT-IWS outputs showed that domestic storage of water within underground tanks and subsequent pumping into overhead tanks allows consumers to cope with the intermittent water availability and suitably meet their demands. Besides the interval, the clock time of the water supply was predicted to influence IWS consumers’ ability to meet water demands.

Lebanon in general and its capital, Beirut, suffer from water shortage due to the increasing water demand and the lack of proper management despite its abundant water resources. An intermittent water supply strategy was implemented in order to minimise deficiency problems. This, however, can seriously affect water quality due to the potential suction of non-potable water by negative pressures, biofilm detachment, and microbial re-growth especially when static conditions occur. Intermittent supplies also entail storing water in household tanks to satisfy demand during no-flow periods, and these tanks often encourage bacterial re-growth. Dumping of disinfectants in order to circumvent bacterial presence and the subsequent formation of undesirable byproducts is another concern. A study was conducted in Beirut over an eight-month period, during which samples were collected from household tanks and drinking water taps of Beirut's network. This paper presents the findings of the study and highlights key aspects in intermittent water supply systems.

Experimental performance analysis of non-porous indirect evaporative coolers under intermittent water spraying conditions