Household Budget Management: Selected Statistical Aspects

Household expenditure is the amount of money used by households to meet household consumption. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of broiler farmers, the structure of household income and expenditure, and analyze the factors affecting broiler farmers household expenditure. This study uses a survey method. The sampling method used simple random sampling with a total sample of 56 broiler farmers. There are 4 findings in this study. First, the age of the broiler farmers is productive with a high school education level. They are experienced in their business. Second, the structure of broiler farmers household income consists of broiler business income and non-farm income. Broiler business income has a large contribution to household income. Third, household expenditure consists of food and non-food expenditure. Non-food expenditure has the largest share of household expenditure. Fourth, significant dominant factors affecting household expenditure are household income, number of family members, savings and household assets. However, farmer's education does not significantly affect household expenditure

ObjectiveTo assess the proportion of, and reasons for, households not utilising the policy of free healthcare for children under 6 years of age (FCCU6) for hospitalisation with diarrhoea, and assess the risk of catastrophic expenditure for households that forgo FCCU6 and pay out of pocket.MethodsInvoices detailing insurance information and charges incurred from 472 hospitalised diarrhoeal cases in one paediatric hospital in Ho Chi Minh City were retrieved. Hospital charges and the utilisation of elective services were analysed for patients utilising and not utilising FCCU6. Associations between socio-economic factors with non-utilisation of FCCU6 were evaluated.ResultsOverall, 29% of patients were FCCU6 non-users. The FCCU6 non-users paid a median hospital charge of $29.13 (interquartile range, IQR: $18.57–46.24), consuming no more than 1.4% of a medium-income household's annual income. Seventy per cent of low-income FCCU6 non-users utilised less-expensive elective services, whereas only 43% of medium income patients and 21% of high-income patients did (P = 0.036). Patients from larger households and those with a parent working in government were more likely to use FCCU6.ConclusionsThe rate of FCCU6 non-usage in this study population was 29%. A significant proportion of those that did not use FCCU6 was from lower income households and may perceive a justifiable cost–benefit ratio when forgoing FCCU6. Although a single diarrhoeal hospitalisation is unlikely to induce a catastrophic expenditure, FCCU6 non-usage may disproportionately increase the risk of catastrophic expenditure for lower income households over multiple illnesses.

The main target of the research was to diagnose the level and structure of consumption expenditures of rural households in Poland in 2015-2021. Among consumption expenditures, special attention was paid to fixed expenditures, i.e. on food and non-alcoholic beverages, as well as on housing and energy carriers. Expenditures of rural households were compared to expenditures of urban households and analyzed against the background of all households in Poland. The data source was individual, unidentifiable data from the “Household Budget Survey” conducted by the Central Statistical Office in 2015-2021. It was noticed that in the years 2015-2021, relatively large disproportions in the level of consumption expenditure between rural and urban households were observed. In 2015, consumption expenditures per capita in households living in rural areas accounted for less than 3/4 of expenditures of households living in urban areas. However, in the analyzed period, the increase in the level of this occurrence was more than twice as high for rural households, which proves a pronounced convergence process. The greatest burden on rural household budgets was expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages, which in rural households amounted to about 30%, and in 2020, i.e. the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, it exceeded 32%. It was noticed that the structure of consumption expenditures between rural and urban households were very similar in 2015 and 2021.

BackgroundTobacco use deepens poverty. Egypt, a lower-middle income country, is one of the few countries worldwide where tobacco use is rising. However, no published study examined the adverse impacts of tobacco on the Egyptian household welfare, specifically after the first Egyptian Pound (EGP) devaluation by 80% in 2016. To address this gap and inform tobacco taxation policymaking, we aimed to provide evidence characterizing national household tobacco expenditure in Egypt.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the 2017/2018 Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey, focusing on the most used tobacco products in Egypt: cigarette and waterpipe tobacco. We identified the proportion and background characteristics of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco smoker households. We calculated household tobacco expenditure share as a proportion of total household expenditure. We compared mean household expenditure shares of 12 expenditure groups among smoker and nonsmoker households and examined the differences by income quintiles. We determined the factors associated with household tobacco expenditure. Descriptive, bivariable, and multivariable analyses were performed.ResultsCigarette and waterpipe tobacco smokers were present in 41.1% and 7.0% of 12,845 households, respectively. Annual household expenditure on cigarettes (10.7%) was triple that of waterpipe tobacco (3.4%) (p < 0.001). Smoker households spent less than nonsmoker households on virtually all expenditure groups (p < 0.001). The poorest income quintile spent 11.1% of its total expenditure on tobacco (1.26 times higher than the richest, p = 0.006). More waterpipe tobacco than cigarette smoker households lived below the poverty line (40.6% versus 24.4%, p < 0.001). Cigarette smoker households spent less on food and housing but more on tobacco than waterpipe tobacco smoker households. The poorest cigarette and waterpipe tobacco smoker households spent 7.0-9.7 times as much on tobacco as on education. Common independent factors associated with higher household expenditure on cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco were urban residence (p = 0.011 and p = 0.015, respectively), and lower income (p < 0.001).ConclusionIn 2017/2018, one-tenth of Egyptian smoker household’s expenditure was allocated to tobacco, disproportionately concentrated among the poorest. Our results preliminarily indicate that tobacco expenditure is associated with potential compromises of varying extent in almost all other expenditures in smoker households. This baseline profiling of household tobacco expenditure can potentially inform an evidence-based tobacco taxation policy, supporting the reduction of tobacco-associated socioeconomic inequalities.

In wrongful death damages, personal consumption dollars represent the portion of total household expenditures that are exclusive to the decedent. Most of the personal consumption estimates in the forensic economic literature are computed from Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) published tables of Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) data. Those tables delineate, by household size and income, the average total dollars spent on approximately 20 summary expenditure groupings.1 Ireland and Depperschmidt (1999) presented a compilation of personal consumption articles that rely on such CEX summary table data with recent like-articles being written by Ajwa, Martin and Vavoulis (2000) and Ruble, Patton, and Nelson (2004). Trout and Foster (1993) and Scoggins (2001) both used the CEX Interview microdata to compute personal consumption estimates specific to husbands and wives. Unfortunately, those two studies ignored the Diary part of the CEX which includes significant household expenditures relevant to personal consumption and they continued to use the BLS’s summary group tabulations of each household’s expenditures. This paper uses CEX microdata to provide new personal consumption estimates for husbands and wives by their work status and by the number of children living in the home. Instead of relying on summary expenditures, all 700 micro-expenditure items within the CEX Interview and Diary surveys are incorporated into the analysis. Like Trout and Foster and Scoggins, the expenditure data is specific to husbands and wives, but this study goes further by using all of the CEX Interview and Diary microdata instead of just summary Interview data. Husband and wife specific data, by work status and number of children living at home, are important delineations in reliably computing personal consumption applicable to the loss of wage earnings of a married person. Assume the case of a wrongful death of a working married male living only with his wife. If a traditional two-person household personal consumption table were used to offset the husband’s earnings loss, such an analysis would mix the expenditure data of working and retired husbands and wives along with mixing in the data of households consisting of two single persons or one single person living with a child, etc. Another problem with studies based on summary tables is that total expenditures are usually shown to exceed income at the lower income levels. That result is not necessarily a fault of the CEX, but its presenta-

This paper examines the roles of digital finance development in household income, consumption, and financial asset holding from an extreme value theory perspective. Three types of extreme pairs (Min to Min, Max to Max, and Max to Min) are constructed, corresponding to the three aspects of the economic welfare of digital finance: fairness, efficiency, and their trade-off. Using panel data from the Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index of China (PKU-DFIIC) and China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) over time span 2014–2018, this paper models the block maxima and minima of variables by fitting them with generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. The binary expansion testing (BET) is used to detect the nonlinear dependence between digital finance and household economic variables. The tail quotient correlation coefficient (TQCC) is used to quantify the tail dependencies. The results show that: (1) digital finance has significant fairness effects in reducing poverty, increasing consumption, and promoting financial asset holding; (2) digital finance shows effects of promoting incentives and efficiency in household income and financial asset holding, but this effect is relatively limited in household consumption; (3) digital finance generally increases efficiency without harming fairness in terms of all cases of household income and consumption, and most of the cases regarding household financial asset holding; (4) the positive spatial externality of digital finance exists for all household economic variables; and, for pairs regarding household income and consumption, the wider the scope, the greater the spatial spillover effect. The result of this paper implies many novel policy implications.

Efficient use of electricity in each of the sectors of the national economy is becoming increasingly important. Energy efficiency refers concerns both the wider energy and climate policy, as well as being important determinant of the cost of manufacturing companies (and therefore their profits) and of the socio-economic development. The consequence of the irrational use of energy is excessive consumption of energy resources, the problems of environmental pollution and reduced competitiveness of domestic enterprises in the global markets. From the point of view of an individual customer's — energy efficiency is one of the main means to reduce the share of the cost of electricity in the household budget. In recent years the European Commission has made a lot of efforts to reduce energy consumption in households, among other things: promotion of efficient lighting, subsidies to domestic micro-RES installations, energy labelling of household appliances and wide liberalization of the electricity market. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of energy use in Polish households in comparison to selected countries of the European Union in the context of European energy policy.

No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers28 Aug 2014How Survey-to-Survey Imputation Can FailAuthors/Editors: D. Newhouse, S. Shivakumaran, S. Takamatsu, N. YoshidaD. Newhouse, S. Shivakumaran, S. Takamatsu, N. Yoshidahttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6961SectionsAboutPDF (1.6 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: This paper proposes diagnostics to assess the accuracy of survey-to-survey imputation methods and applies them to examine why imputing from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey into the Labor Force Survey fails to accurately project poverty trends in Sri Lanka between 2006 and 2009. Survey-to-survey imputation methods rely on two key assumptions: (i) that the questions in the two surveys are asked in a consistent way and (ii) that common variables of the two surveys explain a large share of the intertemporal change in household expenditure and poverty. In addition, differences in sampling design can lead validation tests to underestimate the accuracy of survey-to-survey predictions. In Sri Lanka, the causes of failure differ across sectors. In the urban sector, the primary culprit is differences between the two surveys in the design of the questionnaire. In the rural and estate sectors, the set of common variables in the prediction model does not adequately capture changes in poverty. The paper concludes that in Sri Lanka, survey-to-survey imputation between the Household Income and Expenditure Survey and the Labor Force Survey cannot produce accurate poverty estimates unless the Labor Force Survey adds additional questions on assets and is redesigned to use a questionnaire that is compatible with the Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Alternatively, a new welfare-tracking survey that satisfies these conditions could be established. Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByMeasuring Monetary Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Data Gaps and Different Options to Address Them29 June 2020Estimating Poverty among Refugee Populations: A Cross-Survey Imputation Exercise for Chad9 June 2020Review of Income and Wealth, Vol.65, No.1Household Expenditure and Poverty Measures in 60 Minutes: A New Approach with Results from Mogadishu6 June 2018Prospects of Estimating Poverty with Phone Surveys: Experimental Results from Serbia14 November 2017Is Random Forest a Superior Methodology for Predicting Poverty? An Empirical AssessmentPoverty & Public Policy, Vol.9, No.19 March 2017Updating Poverty Estimates at Frequent Intervals in the Absence of Consumption Data: Methods and Illustration with Reference to a Middle-Income Country13 November 2014 View Published: July 2014 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsSouth AsiaRelated CountriesSri LankaRelated TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthPoverty ReductionScience and Technology Development KeywordsPOVERTYPREDICTION MODELS PDF DownloadLoading ...

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 1990년, 1998년, 2008년, 2018년의 가계동향조사 지출부문 자료를 활용하여 각 연령대별, 연도별로 가계지출항목 구성비를 비교하고, 코호트의 지출구조 변화추이를 분석하였다. 분석은 연령-시기-코호트 모델(age-period-cohort model)을 설명하는 렉시 스 다이어그램(Lexis Diagram)을 활용하였다(Griffith, 2003; Rau et al., 2018). 렉시스 다이어그램의 세로축은 동일 연도에서 각 연령대의 가계지출구조를 비교하고, 가로축은 동일 연령대의 가계지출구조를 각 시기별로 비교한다. 또한 대각선은 특정 코호트의 가 계지출구조가 어떻게 변화하는지를 보여준다. 연구의 결과 지난 30년간 가계지출구조는 인구통계적, 정책적, 금융환경, 라이프스타일 의 변동상황을 반영하여 변화하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인구구조의 변화에 따라서 자 녀의 수가 줄어들어 이에 따른 교육비 비중이 줄어들고, 통신기술이 발달함에 따라 개인 통신장치 및 데이터 서비스를 사용하는 비용이 증가하고, 주 5일제가 시행되면서 여가를 중시하게 되어 교통비와 음식문화 등에 사용하는 비중이 증가하는 것 등은 가계를 둘러 싼 환경이 가계의 소비행태에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 보여주었다. 또한 현대의 라이 프사이클은 전통적인 가족의 생애주기의 모습과 함께 그 당시의 트렌드, 환경의 변화 등 을 포함한 라이프스타일을 반영하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. English Abstract: This study analyzes household expenditure patterns using the 1990, 1998, 2008, and 2018 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the Korea Statistics Bureau. Using a Lexis diagram of an age–period–cohort model, household expenditures were compared based on the head of the household’s age, the survey year, and life cycle stages. Household expenditures were grouped into 13 categories, and the proportion of each category to total household expenditures was compared based on (1) age group in each survey year (age effect), (2) same–age groups in different periods (period effect), and (3) cohort expenditure pattern changes between 1990 and 2018 (life cycle effect). The results show that during the past 30 years, household expenditure patterns have changed in relation to the macro-environmental changes that encompass Korean households, such as population aging, low birth rates, increases in household income and wealth, changes in technology, changes in values, and other regulatory and policy changes. For example, household expenditures on education are decreasing in proportion to the low birth rates; household expenditures on telecommunications have been increasing due to the changes in IT technology and lifestyles; and expenditures on food away from home and lodging and transportation have increased due to changes in working hours and work-versus-leisure values. The expenditure pattern changes resulting from the Lexis diagrams exhibit how the modern Korean life cycle is gradually changing from incorporating traditional life stages and modern values.

In the study we analyse changes in the level and structure of income and expenditure of households in rural and urban areas during the period of Polish integration with the European Union. This allows to answer the question of whether and how the social distance divides the residents of the rural and urban areas. The results showed improvement in economic and social situation in the rural areas. The living gap between rural residents and urban residents decreased. In the structure of incomes of rural households, the share of income from non-agricultural sources increased and at the same time the share of expenditure on food in total expenditure was smaller. However, the differences are still signifcant. The challenge for rural development policy is to reduce the gap between rural and urban areas, especially in terms of quality of life. This requires further development of non-agricultural jobs in rural areas.

The paper examines how indicators of the shadow economy correspond to the National Accounts values. More precisely, we focus on household accounts assuming that the shadow economy should be visible in the difference between household income and consumption, as household (disposable) income is grossly underreported. Household consumption seems therefore to be a more accurate indicator in this context, as most shadow economy income is eventually spent on consumption. This implies that household savings figures should be negatively related to the values of the shadow economy; consequently, if the values relating to the shadow economy are high, savings should be low, or even negative, and vice versa. We verify this hypothesis using European cross-country data covering the years 1991–2017 with the application of MIMIC model calculations as a point of reference. The estimation results lend very little support to the hypothesis assuming that the shadow economy depresses household savings, even though we can otherwise explain comparatively well the cross-country variation in household savings and consumption growth rates.

The research is an experimental exploration of the domestic income and expenditure in district Bagh AJ&amp;K (Pakistan). The study utilized primary data of March 2020 gathered through a well-developed cum comprehensive questionnaire. It comprised a sample of 400 households selected through random sampling technique. The outcome was analyzed by applying “ordinary least square” (OLS) “regression model” and ANOVA test. Results of the study showed that relationship between income of household and domestic consumption is positive and significant. It means that the increase in the domestic income also increases their consumption. This result also contented the Keynesian theory on consumption. There is no significant impact occurred to take the gender of household and consumption. So, this study omits this variable from the model. There was a positive and substantial relationship existed between household age and domestic consumption. Households’ education and domestic consumption also had a constructive and meaningful relation. It means that educated people spend more as compare to less educated. There was a negative and noteworthy relationship existed between family structure and household consumption. Family size and household consumption had been also completely correlated. Nonetheless, the research determined that both economic factors and demographic features affect household consumption pattern in district Bahg AJ&amp;K. Policy makers should formulate policies designed to increase the income level of employees for enhancing their buying power, decreasing their deficit and to increase their saving which would definitely ensure a sophisticated living standard of the study area.

The purpose of this study is to explore energy prices and their impact on household consumption under the condition of Keynesian consumption theory in South Asian countries over the 1995–2020 periods. By employing the panel ordinary least square model estimation technique, the study attempted to find the relationship between household income and consumption under the theory of Keynesian consumption function. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between household consumption and environmental sustainability, policy mix variables, and energy pricing. First of all, this study confirms the existence of Keynesian consumption theory in these economies of South Asia. Furthermore, energy pricing, environmental sustainability, and inflation rate are the factors that inducing toward high household consumption in South Asia. Considering the policy mix factors, inflation rate contribution positively while tax rate inducing this consumer for low household consumption. Based on the empirical analysis, this study suggested some parameters to these Asian economies particularly and other similar economies generally.

Do institutional norms affect behavioral preferences: A view from gender bias in the intra-household expenditure allocation in Iran

BackgroundConsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) or sugary drinks may reduce or even eliminate the household income allocation for other essential commodities. Reducing expenditure for consumption of other household commodities is known as the crowding-out effect of SSB. We aimed to determine the crowding-out effect of SSB expenditure on other household commodities. In addition, we also identified the factors influencing the household's decision to purchase of SSBs.MethodsWe used the logistic regression (logit and multinomial logit models) and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) models. In order to find the probability of a given change in the socio-demographic variables, we also estimated the average marginal effects from the logistic regression. In addition, we regressed the SUR model by gender differences. We used Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016 data to estimate our chosen econometric models. HIES is nationally representative data on the household level across the country and is conducted using a multistage random sampling method by covering 46,075 households.ResultsThe findings from the logit model describe that the greater proportion of male members, larger household size, household heads with higher education, profession, having a refrigerator, members living outside of the house, and households with higher income positively affect the decision of purchasing SSB. However, the determinants vary with the various types of SSB. The unadjusted crowding out effect shows that expenditure on SSB or sugar-added drinks crowds out the household expenditure on food, clothing, housing, and energy items. On the other hand, the adjusted crowding out effect crowds out the spending on housing, education, transportation, and social and state responsibilities.ConclusionAlthough the household expenditure on beverages and sugar-added drinks is still moderate (around 2% of monthly household expenditure), the increased spending on beverages and sugar-added drinks is a concern due to the displacement of household expenditure for basic commodities such as food, clothing, housing, education, and energy. Therefore, evidence-based policies to regulate the sale and consumption of SSB are required for a healthy nation.