Abstract
Homogenate extraction technology was applied to extract polysaccharides from pine nut (Pinus koraiensis) meal, a food waste from its oil processing. The first objective was to study the effects of liquid-solid ratio, homogenate extraction time, and temperature on the yield of pine nut meal polysaccharides (PNMP) using single-factor and Box–Behnken design. The optimal processing conditions were liquid-solid ratio of 43.23 mL/g at 35°C for 2 min 50 sec that produced PNMP yield of 11.7%. Extraction factors interacted with each other significantly (p<0.01). The second objective was to compare the homogenate extract with those produced using other methods including ultrasonic, microwave, and hot water extraction. Polysaccharides were separated using HPLC based on molecular weight (MW) and characterized with the polysaccharide and protein contents of each fraction. The homogenate PNMP had the most of small size (<100 kDa) polysaccharides, and its glycoprotein fractions generally contained higher level of protein, as well as a high ABTS+scavenging activity observed by HPLC-UV-ABTS+assay. FTIR analysis was used to characterize the functional groups. Homogenate extraction is superior in producing PNMP compared with other common methods, and its PNMP extract has potential antioxidant benefit.
Highlights
Pinus koraiensis is a plant distributed in eastern Asia such as Korea and China; the produced pine nut, a major commercial nut products, is rich in nutrients including oils, fatty acids, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals with various beneficial effects [1,2,3]
There is no report on polysaccharides extracted from pine nut meal using homogenate extraction method. us, one of the objectives in this study is to investigate the effects of homogenate extraction conditions such as liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, and temperature on the yield of pine nut meal polysaccharides (PNMP), followed by optimization study using response surface methodology (RSM)
It can be explained that a liquid-solid ratio >40 mL/g favored the diffusion of extraction liquid into the pine nut meal powder cells for a better dissolution of polysaccharides [19]
Summary
Pinus koraiensis is a plant distributed in eastern Asia such as Korea and China; the produced pine nut, a major commercial nut products, is rich in nutrients including oils, fatty acids, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals with various beneficial effects [1,2,3]. To add edible value into PNM, there have been a few research studies on the development of proteins and peptides from PNM, including novel peptides identified from PNM with antioxidant capacity and immunity enhancement ability [4, 5]. A polysaccharide complex with molecular weight (MW) of 23 kDa containing carbohydrate, protein, and uronic acid, was separated from pine nut; its hepatoprotective effects against a few types of liver injury were investigated in vitro [8]. Another 20.6 kDa polysaccharides composed of arabinose, rhamnose, and glucose were purified from pine nut with various health benefits [9]. There have been little studies reported on producing crude polysaccharides from pine nut meal by different extraction methods
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