Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is one of the major α,β-unsaturated aldehydes produced in lipid peroxidation. HNE is a potent messenger in signaling pathways. Aging is associated with increased lipid peroxidation and HNE production, although a cause and effect relation remains unclear. Aging is also associated with significant changes in many signaling pathways with some enhanced and others decreased. One of the issues that is often avoided in studies of HNE is the wide range of exogenous HNE concentrations that have been used. These exposures range from what is found in plasma in unstressed mammals to well beyond real life pathology. Accumulating evidence suggests that HNE modification of signaling proteins occurs at cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues located at particular environments. Finally, HNE-signaling also involves the proteolytic degradation of proteins by proteasomes, lysosomes and autophagy.
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