Abstract
Transplantation of autologous (self) or allogeneic (not-self) haematopoietic stem cells for leukaemia, advanced lymphoma, and other selected haematological diseases is an established treatment modality that is increasingly performed worldwide. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is mainly performed in acute leukaemia patients with high-risk profiles and is integrated into modern therapeutic concepts with curative intention. The antineoplastic efficacy of the myelotoxic or myeloablative conditioning regimens preceding SCT is combined with an immunological, highly effective antileukaemic effect of histocompatible donor stem and immune cells. In contrast, autologous SCT after high-dose chemotherapy is performed as consolidation therapy to improve the quality of remission, preferably in advanced neoplasias of the lymphatic system. The indication for a curative allogeneic SCT, which is associated with significant acute and chronic toxicities as well as immunological complications, must be carefully balanced against conventional, but less effective, treatment options.
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