Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is associated with the development of neurocognitive disorders in many infected individuals, including a broad spectrum of motor impairments and cognitive deficits. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is still not clear. This review provides a comprehensive view of HAND, including HIV neuroinvasion, HAND diagnosis and different level of disturbances, influence of highly-active antiretroviral therapy to HIV-associated dementia (HAD), possible pathogenesis of HAD, etc. Together, this review will give a thorough and clear understanding of HAND, especially HAD, which will be vital for future research, diagnosis and treatment.
Highlights
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is entry into the central nervous associated with the development of neurocog- system
Despite exten- strains isolated from Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected brains,[10] sive research, the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is still ly not clear
This review provides a comprehensive view of HAND, including HIV neuroinvan sion, HAND diagnosis and different level of o disturbances, influence of highly-active antiretroviral therapy to HIV-associated dementia e (HAD), possible pathogenesis of HAD, etc. s Together, this review will give a thorough and u clear understanding of HAND, especially HAD, l which will be vital for future research, diagnoia sis and treatment. erc HIV neurobiology m and neuroinvasion m Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a o member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family of Retroviridae.[1]
Summary
Saksena Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Australia. Individuals homozygous for CCR5Δ32 mutation, which is a 32bp deletion in the host CCR5 gene, were described to be resistant to HIV infection by R5 strains,[7,8] recent reports based on a single patient suggest that subsequent infection in patients harbouring CCR5-Δ32 can occur via CXCR4 receptor.[9] Overall, the CCR5 or macrophage-tropic strains play a crucial role in HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS)
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