History of geological research at the geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr

VI. Geological researches in the Festoon Islands in the Northwestern Pacific Side ;The geology of Hokkaido began with PUMPELLY's route survey in the Oshima peninsula in 1862, succeeded by LYMAN, 1976 and others and strongly promoted since 1930 when the Geological Institute was founded in the University of Hokkaido at Sapporo. The geological survey in South Sakhalin was done by Japanese geologists from 1905 to 1945. In Taiwan there were some pioneer works from 1849, but the geological survey was not undertaken until 1895. A preliminary geological map of Taiwan was first published in 1897. Subsequently Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands were investigated by many geologists. The geology of Taiwan was well developed by Chinese geologists since 1946. J. MILNE and E.. NAUMANN's observation on the volcanic eruption of Oshima, 1876 was the first article in the geology of Izu Islands. Later the grand Ogasawara-Mariana arc and also the Marshall and Caroline Islands were surveyed by TAYAMA and others.VII. In Indochina the history of research goes back to 1874. The geological survey became very active since the institution of its organization at Hanoi, 1898. The existing knowledge was once schematized by FROMAGET in 1941. The western civilization has influenced upon the Philippines much earlier. Present knowledge there, however, mostly a product in this century and its advancement was much accelerated in recent years. In Netherland East Indies the geological survey was started in 1850. Its advancement of a century was compiled by VAN BEMMELEN in his Geology of Indonesia, 1949. In British Borneo or East Malaysia the research history is shorter. In the Malayan peninsula and Singapore, on the contrary, the oldest record may be HAMILTON's navigation, 1688-1723. The geological research there was, however, very slow. SCRIVENOR's Geology of Malaya appeared in 1931. Its comparison with Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia vol. 25, 1984 shows that the change between these two books in a few decades is really astonishing. Little was known of the geology of Siam or Thailand before 1890. Its outline was figured out by the geological survey in 1949 and the knowledge raised up to the same level with those of Malaysia and Indochina in last three decades.VIII. China, Korea and Japan constitute an area of Pentsao where exists a prolonged history of study on the earth and stones. The modern geology propagated into Eastern Asia from last century. As the result it is known there that the Oriental Heterogen was intercaled between the Mongolian geosyncline in the north and the Tethyan geosyncline in the south and the latter extended easterly into the Chichibu geosyncline which was in turn confluenet with the Mongolian geosyncline during the Palaeozoic era.Finally, brief notes are added on the arcuate mountain systems on the western Pacific side (3), Opposition in the geological history between the northern Atlantic and western Pacific sides (4), international cooperation (5) and romanization of technical terms in the countries using Chinses characters (6).

The article describes the activities of Russian geologists and mining engineers in Asia and Pacific Rim countries (mostly China, Japan and the USA) after the 1917 October revolution and their contribution to the development of geological science in these countries. In China and the USA, they have become recognized experts in the geology of coal, oil, and other resources with their theoretical works and practical developments that contributed to the economic growth of these countries. The role of scientists from Russia is also evident in the promotion of Japanese research in geology. The studies have proved geology and mining to belong to the areas where immigrants from Russia have shown themselves most revealingly in the USA. This was due, to a great extent, to the attention the US government paid to this sphere. Despite the problems of the initial period of their stay in the new country, they made successful careers. They held senior positions at enterprises and professorships at universities, established their own companies, and were members of large scientific organizations. As university professors, they initiated scientific schools, developing their teachers’ ideas and spreading the traditions and methods of Russian higher education abroad. Russian geologists’ active work in public organizations contributed to the popularization of the geological knowledge and research methods transferred from Russia. They left behind a rich scientific heritage, such as articles, monographs, and dissertations, which have been highly appreciated by mate geologists and remain in demand up to nowadays. The article is written with materials from foreign archives and libraries. Previously unknown biographical data about Russian specialists in mining and geology and their contribution to science and economics are being introduced.The authors would like to thank those who assisted in the article writing. They are Yves Franquien, the Hoover Archives research officer; Patricia Polansky, a Russian bibliographer at the University of Hawaii, Ziniyat Gimyaldinovich Badredinov and Igor Yuryevich Chekryzhov, Candidates of Geology and Mineralogy, Senior Researchers at the Institute of Geology, the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The objective of the present work is the assessment of the lignite contribution to the energy balance of Greece, according to the creation processes and the chronological classification. The lignite deposits known so far in Greece have been discovered and researched from the scientists of IGME in the course of evolution since 1948 (Greek Geological Survey), 1950 (Institute of Geology and Surface Research), 1973 (National Institute of Geological and Mineral Exploration) and finally in its current form in 1976 (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration) and are divided into (a) “productive”, (b) future “productive” and (c) no financial interest in power generation. A project, co-financed by the Greek Government and the European Union, is currently implemented, aiming at the recovery of the latter in non-electrical purposes with very good results in the first stage of research. According to the works carried out so far it has been observed that lignite formation started in Greece during Eocene and continued to date. From 1950 until today there is an upward trend in lignite reserves. Lignite generates electricity at a rate 63% today with higher rates 79.3%, during 1994. In Greece 41% of lignite deposits were created during Miocene. However, only 13% of these deposits that contribute to electricity generation derive from economically exploitable reserves. In Greece, due mainly to use of lignite for electricity production, the cost of Kw/h for both domestic use and for industrial is below the European Union average.

In 1720, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great mounted the first expedition to Siberia to identify and explore natural resources. Later, the Academy of Sciences undertook later several expeditions. The intensive development of ore reserves began in the 19th century, with the focus being on the territories of Altai and Transbaikalia. The Russian Geological Committee was established in 1882 for the purpose of compilation of the geological map of Russia and systematic study of Siberia’s territory. At the end of the 19th century, a university and a technological institute were established in Tomsk. These became the first education institutions, which had a great influence on the development of geological perceptions and exploration in Siberia. The postrevolution period arks the beginning of industrialization in Russia, which highlighted the need for the exploration of more natural resources. This accelerated the advance of geological survey and exploration work. This period witnessed the discovery and exploitation of hundreds of mineral deposits, e.g., coal and iron ore deposits in the Kuznetsk Basin, copper-nickel ore deposits in the Norilsk region, gold and polymetallic deposits in Transbaikalia, etc. The research and exploration activities ceased during the Great Patriotic War, and geologists were mobilized to help the front. Immediately after the war, they again became actively involved in the restoration of the country’s economy. In the 1950s, exploration geologists achieved remarkable results, e.g., the discovery of large-size oil and gas fields in West Siberia and diamond deposits in Yakutia. The Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics as its part were established in 1957. A number of geological research institutes were also created in Irkutsk and Yakutsk. Basic geological research made an important contribution to unlocking the resource potential of Siberia.

A new magnetic observatory, named the Magnetic Observatory of Pendeli, was established and put in operation in 1958 near Athens (Greece). This Observatory was organized by and belongs to the Greek «Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research». The geographical position of the Pendeli Observatory is given by φ=38° 02′.8, λ=23°51′.8 andh=495 m (above sea level). The gemagnetic coordinates of the same are Φ=36°.2, Λ=102°.0. The Observatory is situated near Pendeli Mt. (18 km NEE of Athens). The site of the Observatory consists of marmor underlain by mica schists, both magnetically inactive.

Within the framework of a joint research project on natural radiation exposure and its health effects in Cameroon from 2014 to 2017, the Institute of Geological and Mining Research and the Hirosaki University worked together to carry out natural radiation survey in mining and ore bearing regions of Cameroon. Air kerma rates were measured using car-borne survey method. In-situ gamma spectrometry was used to determine activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil. A total of 450 RADUET detectors and 350 thoron progeny monitors were deployed in dwellings of the study areas for 2-3 months, collected and analysed. Although natural radioactivity level seems to be normal in most of the surveyed areas, there are many points where activity concentrations of natural radionuclides are largely above the world average values. Indoor radon, thoron and thoron progeny results show the importance to put in place the national radon plan in Cameroon. It was also pointed out that thoron cannot be neglected when assessing inhalation dose.

The Institute of Geology became the first institute at the Komi Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1958. Nowadays it is the largest institute of geological profile among the federal research centres of the European part of Russia. The article tells a brief history of the development of geological research in the region that provided the basis for the foundation of the Institute of Geology. The establishment and development of the main directions of its scientific research are shown, key achievements at different stages of its activity are described.

The chemical properties of mercury (Hg) such as volatility, organic affinity, multiple oxidation states and extreme biotoxicity, determine its various industrial applications, but also health hazard concerns. Mercury data on geologic materials are important for characterizing the main sources and sinks of Hg, for tracking volcanic activity in the geology past, for refining regional and global stratigraphic correlations, and for minimizing anthropogenic mercury emissions. Newly obtained Hg and CHNS analyzers available at the Geological Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, facilitate new geologic and environmental research in Bulgaria. Here we show initial results for the accuracy and precision of our Hg analyses based on repeated measurements of certified reference material NIST 2702 and identify avenues for further analytical improvements. The encouraging results allow for the initiation of diverse geological and ecological studies that are needed, but currently lacking in Bulgaria.

From 23–28 August 2016, Chinua University of Petroleum-Beijing (CUPB) hosted the finals for the 4th National Exploration Geophysics Competition for College Students (NEGCCS). After a heated preliminary contest, which lasted eight months, 30 teams from 17 organizations reached the finals. The teams were from Peking University, University of Science and Technology of China, Jilin University, Tongji University, CUPB, China University of Petroleum (East China), China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Chang'an University, China University of Mining and Technology, Ocean University of China, Yangtze University, Geology and Geophysics Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northeast Petroleum University, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu University of Technology, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development of CNPC, and National Central University (Taiwan).

This paper deals with diagenesis of Yan-10 Sandstones, Yanan Series, jurassic—the main producing horizons in an exploratory area in Shan-Gan-Ning Basin. The effects of diagenesis on pore texture and petrophysical properties of sandstone, its effects on forming trapping conditions for oil pools, the genesis of low permeability zone near the oil-water boundary, as well as secondary pores together with authigenic clay minerals of sandstone are presented. Furthermore, the paper describes briefly Yan-10 sandstones in some other areas.

Transient EM method was developed in Russia. In 1969 Dr. Vladislav Sidorov and Pr. Vyacheslav Tikshaev from Nizhnevolzhsky Geology and Geophysics Research Institute for the first time conducted field measurement of transient EM processes in case when a distance between a transmitter and a receiver was considerably shorter than the depth of investigations. Simultaneously in the sixties Dr. Obukhov in Moscow and Pr. Alexander Kaufman in Novosibirsk, the latter lives now in the USA, theoretically grounded the ability of TEM sounding.

Continental deep drilling in the Upper Palatinate (FRG) has spudded its main hole on September 8, 1990, after more than a decade of planning and researching as well as drilling of 4,000 m pilot hole and performing a 3D survey in crystalline rocks. This well is scheduled for 10,000 m and 300C and is funded by the German Ministry of Research and Technology. To make it a success, a great many engineering, logging, and geological high technology items had to be improved or developed. Special emphasis is put on rock stability, verticality of the hole, continuous mud and cutting analyses for petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical purposes, detection of rock stresses, and identification of the nature of basement reflectors. Important information on the tectonic style of a major palaeocollision zone as well as its rocks, their fracturization, gas and fluid contact have been obtained and will be found in future. This geologically important science project, an interdisciplinary effort of many geological, engineering, and other research institutions and of industry, will have its impact on the future drilling and well evaluation technologies in hydrocarbon wells, too. The depth of the main hole at time of the Dallas AAPG Convention will be aboutmore » 6,500 m.« less

The contribution of the NADRA Group to the development of geological education in Ukraine is featured. The main areas of its activity are highlighted, including the support of the Geological Faculty (ERI «Institute of Geology») at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (KNU), advanced training of industry employees, geological education of schoolchildren, publication of specialized books and the professional magazine «Geologist of Ukraine» in particular. At the Geological Faculty of KNU four classrooms were renovated and equipped with computers, the auditorium named after Prof. Olgierd L. Einor was established, the premises of the Geological Museum were reorganized and renovated, etc. The valuable charitable assistance was provided during student geological field courses, namely the fuel, student accommodation, meals, field equipment, and the like. Many youth quizzes, olympiads, excursions, quests, festivals, conferences were carried out at the expense of NADRA Group. With its assistance, the clubs of paleontology, geology and geological local history were organized for students. NADRA Group has initiated the writing and publishing the book «Essays on the history of geological research at Kiev University» (1999). Since its first issue in 2003, the «Geologist of Ukraine» magazine has been published thanks to the information and financial support of NADRA Group. In 2008 it was published materials for the centenary of Prof. Einor. The «Treatises of the Tutkovsky Institute» were published during 2009 – 2011 at the expense of the company. The book by Rostislav Furduy «Brother of the Sun and Wind» (2011) was addressed to young geologists in Ukraine and published on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the company. In the same period, the work on the project «Depths of the Earth, the spiritual depths» was started, the essence of which was to encourage schoolchildren to study geology and related disciplines. The important components of geological education as advanced training, courses on the modern technologies, lectures by leading domestic and foreign experts, conferences, seminars, and trainings are very relevant. In general, the activities of NADRA Group are aimed at introducing leading decisions into the practice, developing educational institutions, and disseminating knowledge among the geological community. Over its thirty-year history, the NADRA GROUP has made a great contribution to the development of the geological industry in Ukraine and abroad.

Intellectual structure of geology research in China: A bibliometric analysis of the funded projects of NSFC

Link for citation: Karimov V.M. Tectonomagmatic evolution of the Eocene volcanism of the Talysh zone (Azerbaijan). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2021, vol. 332, no. 11, рр. 200-211. In Rus. The relevance. At present, the question arises of the need to clarify the typomorphic features of magmatic complexes, as factors that determine the geodynamic regimes of their formation and to clarify the potential ore content. In this regard, the article examines the features of the Talysh magmatic complexes, which makes it possible to elucidate the tectonomagmatic evolution of this complexly constructed region in the Caucasus. Purpose of research is to clarify the tectonomagmatic evolution of the Eocene volcanism of the Talysh zone within Azerbaijan. Objects: Eocene volcanism, volcanogenic trachybasalt-trachyandesite-basalt-phonolite formation, petrochemical composition of rocks, evolution of the primary melt. Methods: petrographic studies of rocks, chemical composition of rocks by X-ray spectral analysis, isolation of magmatic complexes. In addition, the results of analyzes of the studied samples for petrogenic elements were used, both published in the literature and obtained by X-ray fluorescence analysis on a multichannel X-ray spectrometer SRM-25 at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Baku. Minerals were analyzed on a JXA-8200 JEOL (Japan) electron microprobe at the Karpinsky All-Russian Geo-logical Research Institute (St. Petersburg). Results. The analysis of the conducted studies shows that during the period from the Paleozoic to the Quaternary, inclusive, in the development of the structures of the Talysh fold zone, there is a certain sequence in its inception. In the structure of the zone, there are structural stages corresponding to the pre-collisional (Cretaceous–Eocene) and collisional (Oligocene–Miocene) periods of the region's development. Paleogene volcanic formations of Talysh make up the southeastern segment of the northern volcanoplutonic belt, in the structure of which the volcanic trachybasalt-basaltic trachyandesite-phonolite (Early-Middle and Late Eocene) and intrusive subalkaline ultrabasic (Late Eocene–Oligocene) formations are distinguished. The volcanic formation includes two complexes: (Early-Middle Eocene) absarokite-shoshonite-alkaline basaltic and (Late Eocene) basaltic trachyandesite-phonolite. The petrographic and petrochemical characteristics of the volcanic rocks that make up the first formation are given. It was found that if the process of differentiation in the Early-Middle Eocene had more distinct character with the initial formation of more magnesian rock varieties (picrite-trachybasalts), and subsequently more ferruginous (trachyandesites and basaltic trachyandesites), then such accumulation of iron is not observed in porphyry trachyandesites. This petrochemical feature is obviously associated with the duration of the break in volcanism caused by the formation of a thick sedimentary-tuffaceous sequence, accompanied by the formation and manifestation of an intermediate chamber of average composition. Volcanism in the Late Eocene was undifferentiated and had a contrasting character, i. e. was not accompanied by the formation of average differences. The appearance in the Late Eocene of leucite phonolites, which are an alkaline branch, and the absence of transitional differences indicate the autonomous development of vitrobasalts and leucite phonolites, possibly associated with the process of early decomposition of the initial melt under subcrustal conditions. It is concluded that from the early phases of the manifestation of Eocene volcanism to the later, the change in the material composition laterally is expressed in the manifestation of more alkaline facies with a significant predominance of K over Na and with a greater correspondence to the differentiates of the Shoshonite series.