Abstract
Almost 100 years ago experiments involving electrically stimulating and recording from the brain and the body launched new discoveries and debates on how electricity, movement, and thoughts are related. Decades later the development of brain-computer interface technology began, which now targets a wide range of applications. Potential uses include augmentative communication for locked-in patients and restoring sensorimotor function in those who are battling disease or have suffered traumatic injury. Technical and surgical challenges still surround the development of brain-computer technology, however, before it can be widely deployed. In this review we explore these challenges, historical perspectives, and the remarkable achievements of clinical study participants who have bravely forged new paths for future beneficiaries.
Highlights
Years later, building on the work of the Galvanis, a physician and physiologist named Richard Caton (1842–1926) began to record electrical signals in the brains of rabbits and apes using a galvanometer (Finger 2001). This was followed by psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941), known as the father of the electroencephalogram (EEG), performing electrical brain stimulation and later the first brain recordings in humans (Nervenkrankheiten and 1929 n.d.)
Work in non-human primates involved indwelling electrodes placed in the Chandrasekaran et al Bioelectronic Medicine
Subsequent studies used multi-electrode arrays to afford augmented communication and cursor control in persons living with movement impairment (Bouton 2009; Hochberg et al 2006)
Summary
Almost 100 years ago experiments involving electrically stimulating and recording from the brain and the body launched new discoveries and debates on how electricity, movement, and thoughts are related. SEEG electrodes have high potential for future chronic BCI applications and recent studies show their performance may be comparable, and in some cases better than other ECoG electrodes for stimulation and decoding applications (Bouton et al 2021; Chandrasekaran et al 2021).
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