Historical perspective in technological advances in lithium-ion battery development

The ability to effectively manage patients with rectal cancer is perhaps the defining characteristic of colon and rectal surgeons. From a historical perspective, the first attempts at resection of the rectum were reported in the early 1800s by Lisfranc.[1] Kocher described the removal of the coccyx and Kraske popularized this perineal approach. The first abdominal attempts at rectal resection were performed at the turn of the 20th century.[2] Modifications to the abdominal perineal resection were reported into the 1920s. The introduction of the circular stapler in the 1970s changed the face of rectal cancer surgery and facilitated lower anastomoses.[3] This technical revolution greatly facilitated sphincter preservation. However, oncologic success in the management of rectal cancer lagged behind the avoidance of stomas. It was not until the importance of the mesorectum was understood that pelvic recurrence was significantly reduced. The “holy plane” of rectal surgery was described in 1988 by Heald[4]; soon thereafter the importance of tumor-free circumferential margins was realized. The understanding of the importance of the total mesorectal excision (TME) for oncologic success grew and became the standard approach for the treatment of rectal cancer. It has been 30 years since the concepts of TME and tumor-free circumferential resection margins were introduced. These three decades have brought many technological surgical advances enhancing our ability to accomplish the task with less invasive measures. However, there have been no changes to the technique of TME other than the size of the incision created. The introduction of the transanal TME (taTME) in 2010[5] was the first innovation in the technique of TME in the past 25 years. Facilitated by advances in instrumentation, the transanal approach grew from an access point for local excision to one, which offered surgeons the ability to perform a complete oncologic resection of the rectum. This method gives surgeons a totally new perspective to the lower third of the pelvis, which has historically been the most challenging portion of the TME from the traditional approach. TaTME requires a thorough understanding of the planes and pelvic anatomy from a new vantage point. Mastery of this novel approach to the treatment of rectal cancer offers patients a minimally invasive resection with potentially better visualization and therefore a better quality of the resected specimen. This volume is a compilation of informative references from many of the pioneers of the technique of taTME. This issue provides the reader with a thorough summary of the anatomical basis for TME and the development of transanal surgical techniques. With a comprehensive understanding of the anatomic principles of rectal cancer surgery and the technologic advances in transanal surgery, one can then make the transition to the new “down to up” taTME approach to rectal cancer treatment. The evolution of the technique is presented followed by detailed step-by-step instructions. After a comprehensive review of the results and potential complications of taTME, the final sections will guide the reader through the process of learning taTME with standardized platforms and tips for safe and successful adaption of the technique. This Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery issue will conclude with a look to the future and the potential for the approach of taTME to facilitate extended resections with technological advances. It is with a debt of gratitude and sincere thanks to the contributing authors that the editors offer this collection of thoughtful works prepared by the pioneers of taTME.

Reviewed by: British Invasion and Spy Literature, 1871–1918: Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Society by Danny Laurie-Fletcher John McBratney (bio) British Invasion and Spy Literature, 1871–1918: Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Society, by Danny Laurie-Fletcher; pp. vii + 264. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, $89.00, $69.99 ebook. British writers of the long nineteenth century used the term invasion to refer to a host of phenomena: the ingress of an Indian gem into England (Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone [1868]), the entry of women into male professions (George Gissing's The Odd Women [1893]), and the assault of extraterrestrials upon earthlings (H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds [1897]), to name a few. In British Invasion and Spy Literature, 1871–1918: Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Society, however, Danny Laurie-Fletcher focuses on the most widespread and deeply felt understanding of invasion among Britons from the end of the Franco-Prussian War to the conclusion of World War I: the threat of military attack upon Britain from Continental European powers, especially Germany. Haunted by the fear that Great Britain was sliding into economic, political, and military decline and that younger nations, like the United States and Germany, were overtaking it in the Darwinian struggle for global dominance, British writers—especially Conservative and Unionist writers—produced, from 1871 on, a flood of invasion narratives in various fictional and nonfictional formats for mainly middle-class and working-class readers eager to consume popular, sensationalized accounts of threat and attack. Spurred by this sense of threat, the spy narrative genre also sprang up, sometimes blending with the invasion narrative in the same work, with alien agents seeking to undermine British defenses and British agents working to counter these enemy efforts. Stories of invasion and espionage exerted a powerful influence not only on the reading public but also on politicians at crucial points before and during World War I. Given the occasional intertwining of these narratives, Laurie-Fletcher is wise to study them together. His treatment of them, however, is less argument than exposition; his [End Page 137] book advances no new or sophisticated thesis. It offers, instead, two things: a comprehensive survey of an understudied body of literature in its many forms (newspaper article, periodical essay, government report, memoir, short story, novel, and play) and a rich description of the interaction between the producers of this literature (figures like press magnate Lord Northcliffe and scaremonger author William Le Queux) and British politicians (most notably the beleaguered Liberal War Secretary Richard Haldane). Laurie-Fletcher has done extensive research, digging into government archives and reading widely in primary and secondary materials, including about 120 short stories and novels, extending from George Chesney's The Battle of Dorking (1871), which inaugurated the invasion narrative genre, to John Buchan's World War I spy novels, Greenmantle (1916) and Mr. Standfast (1919). He brings to his monograph an encyclopedic command of the details of these materials and a mastery of the historical contexts within which British invasion and spy literature was written, published, and received. Laurie-Fletcher's book raises two questions that apply to study of both the Victorian and modernist eras: How much influence did the growing power of the mass print media have upon political decision-making? And what became of the late-Victorian New Woman after the upheaval of World War I? Driven by expansion of the franchise, education reform, increased literacy, and technological advances, the British newspaper industry underwent explosive growth in the late nineteenth century. In the political turmoil of the early twentieth century—particularly over women's suffrage, the labor movement, Home Rule, and defense spending—newspapers played an increasingly important role, often in concert with pressure groups, as advocates for political policy on the left and the right. Laurie-Fletcher contends that the Teutonophobic Conservative media, fearful that an allegedly vast network of German spies was operating in Britain and adamant that a German invasion aided by this network was imminent, was decisive in the birth in 1909 of the Secret Service Bureau (SSB), which split in 1910 into MI5 and MI6. Although much of the Conservative brief combined hysterical fantasy with deliberate fabrication, Laurie-Fletcher asserts...

Historical development of cyber warfare follows three major historical periods: first period follows the technological advances of information technology during the 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1990, second period is from the end of the Cold War to the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year and the third period is from the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year onwards. Each of the mentioned historical periods follows a specific doctrine and strategy of dealing with the national security threats from cyberspace. The world super powers and the world states, introduce appropriate strategies and national policies to deal with the consequences of this kind of warfare. Expression of cyberspace is linked to a short story titled "Burning Chrome" in the 1982 year written by American author William Gibson. In the following years, this word turned out to be conspicuously related to online PC systems. According to NATO, people are part of cyberspace. According to this, NATO defines that cyberspace is more than just internet, including not only hardware, software and information systems, but also peoples and social interaction with these networks. The first cyber warfare weapon ever known in history was Stuxnet. Stuxnet's objective was to physically annihilate a military target. Stuxnet has contaminated more than 60,000 PCs around the world, mostly in Iran. While international cooperation is essential, each nation should in near future develop a National foundation, its own national cyber security strategy, authorities and capabilities. Every nation state, should require effective coordination and cooperation among governmental entities at the national and sub-national levels as well as the private sector and civil society. The main hypothesis of this paper is to present the historical development and perspectives of cyber warfare and accordingly propose the best legal concepts, national doctrines and strategies for dealing with this modern type of warfare.

By mediating voluntary muscle movement, vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) play an extraordinarily important role in physiology. While the significance of the nerve-muscle connectivity was already conceived almost 2000 years back, the precise cell and molecular biology of the NMJ have been revealed in a series of fascinating research activities that started around 180 years ago and that continues. In all this time, NMJ research has led to fundamentally new concepts of cell biology, and has triggered groundbreaking advancements in technologies. This review tries to sketch major lines of thought and concepts on NMJ in their historical perspective, in particular with respect to anatomy, function, and molecular components. Furthermore, along these lines, it emphasizes the mutual benefit between science and technology, where one drives the other. Finally, we speculate on potential major future directions for studies on NMJ in these fields.

Cellular and molecular exercise physiology is the study of the underlying regulatory mechanisms that underpin physiological adaptation to exercise. In this historical perspective, I explained how the field emerged following advancements in technology within the molecular biology field in general and as a result of some exciting forward thinking by the leading exercise biochemists of the time. I also discuss the important advancements in elucidating the mechanisms underlying physiological adaptation to exercise using genetic knockout, overexpression and compensatory hypertrophy models in animals that subsequently enabled the study and translation of key mechanisms that underpin human exercise adaptation. This historical perspective also helps decipher the important studies that pioneered the investigation of the cellular signaling networks controlling gene expression in response to acute and chronic exercise, the role of satellite cells in repair of skeletal muscle after exercise and finally how the important topic of exercise genetics/genomics emerged within the cellular and molecular exercise physiology field. Finally, the manuscript identifies that the integration of epigenetics and proteomics to compliment current genome-wide approaches (profiling of heritable genetic variants and gene expression) are likely to play an important role in uncovering the cellular and molecular regulation of exercise adaptation into the next generation.

Cellular and molecular exercise physiology is the study of the underlying regulatory mechanisms that underpin physiological adaptation to exercise. In this historical perspective, I explained how the field emerged following advancements in technology within the molecular biology field in general and as a result of some exciting forward thinking by the leading exercise biochemists of the time. I also discuss the important advancements in elucidating the mechanisms underlying physiological adaptation to exercise using genetic knockout, overexpression and compensatory hypertrophy models in animals that subsequently enabled the study and translation of key mechanisms that underpin human exercise adaptation. This historical perspective also helps decipher the important studies that pioneered the investigation of the cellular signaling networks controlling gene expression in response to acute and chronic exercise, the role of satellite cells in repair of skeletal muscle after exercise and finally how the important topic of exercise genetics/genomics emerged within the cellular and molecular exercise physiology field. Finally, the manuscript identifies that the integration of epigenetics and proteomics to compliment current genome-wide approaches (profiling of heritable genetic variants and gene expression) are likely to play an important role in uncovering the cellular and molecular regulation of exercise adaptation into the next generation.

Comparative in International Trade: A Historical Perspective By Andrea Maneschi. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1998. Pp. x, 258. $85.00. Andrea Maneschi has been the leading intellectual authority on the history of international trade theory for many years. This book further crystallizes his reputation. Comparative in International Trade is a remarkable book for its clarity, scope, and authoritative style. It is immediately apparent to the reader that Maneschi is fully versed in modern and historical trade theory. story of the development and criticism of comparative advantage is woven into an intriguing and complete statement that begins with the ancient Greeks and ends with the linkage between comparative advantage and the new trade theory. After a brief introductory chapter, Maneschi wastes no time in letting the reader know that this book is written primarily for an advanced audience. Chapter 2, The Concept of Comparative Advantage develops a well-crafted expose on the meaning, causes, and limits of comparative advantage. What will be of interest to economists not well versed in trade theory is just how limited the concept of comparative advantage is once it is expanded beyond the familiar 2X2X2 framework. Maneschi demonstrates that the general law of comparative advantage is not able to say that if country A has a comparative advantage in good I then country A exports good 1. [A]ll that one can claim ... is that a country's net imports are positively correlated with the differences between the autarky prices in that country and in its trading partner. . .. Thus, a country tends to import commodities whose autarky prices are higher there than elsewhere, and vice versa (p. 10). law of comparative advantage holds as a law of tendencies but is silent with respect to trade in any particular good. Chapter 3, Theories of International Trade up to Adam Smith, begins the story of how the profession arrived at the main theorems laid out in the previous chapter. Again, what will be of most interest to the general reader is that trade flows were analyzed in a manner consistent with the notion of comparative advantage well before Ricardo's and Torren's statements in the early nineteenth century. For example, Josiah Tucker developed an argument that has a surpassingly modern tone. High wage countries need not worry about competition in trade with low wage countries because high wages are the result of more skilled and productive labor. He went on to develop a theory of trade between richer and poorer countries. Tucker theorized that there exists a positive correlation between a country's level of development (read wages) and its competitiveness in goods that require more complex production processes. As he states the case, operose or complicated Manufactures are cheapest in rich Countries;-and raw Materials in poor ones: And therefore in Proportion as any Commodity approaches to one, or other of these Extremes, in that Proportion it will be found to be cheaper, or dearer in a rich, or a poor Country... (p. 32). David Hume followed up on this line of reasoning in his famous essay Of the Jealousy of Trade, written around 1758. A concern of many of his contemporaries was that one country's technological advances could create such imbalances that no other country could hope to compete with it in international markets. Hume's answer was that as neighboring countries advance, new demands are created for the products of other countries. These two examples serve to demonstrate that thinking was developing along comparative advantage lines before Adam Smith. What about Smith and trade? Did he say anything useful regarding the determination of trade flows, or should his thoughts on trade be shut off from the public as an embarassing serviving relic of the Mercantile Theory, as J.S. Mill wrote? Maneschi's answer is that Smith's contribution to the development of trade theory is much more important than is generally observed. …

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to trace the historical perspectives in the development and evolution of human resource management as a field of study and profession.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a desk research to conduct a general review of literatures that are fundamental in tracing the historical routes, evolution, and professional development in the field of human resource management.FindingsThe literature reviewed reveals that human resource management is a product of the human relations movement of the early twentieth century, when researchers began documenting ways of creating business value through the strategic management of the workforce. The function was initially dominated by transactional work such as payroll and benefits administration, but due to globalization, company consolidation, technological advancement, and further research, human resource now focuses on strategic initiatives like mergers and acquisitions, talent management, succession planning, industrial and labor relations, and diversity and inclusion. In start-up companies, human resource’s duties are performed either by a handful of trained professionals or even by non-human resource personnel. In larger companies, an entire functional group is typically dedicated to the discipline, with staff specializing in various human resource tasks and functional leadership engaging in strategic decision making across the business. To train practitioners for the profession, institutions of higher education, professional associations, and companies themselves have created programs of study dedicated explicitly to the duties of the function. Academic and practitioner organizations likewise seek to engage and further the field of human resource, as evidenced by several field-specific publications.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the body of knowledge in human resource management and practices, professional development, history of human resource management and the future of human resource functions. Further attempt is made in the study to present historical perspective of the evolution of the field to prepare professional managers in managing the human resource function and disseminate the human resource development philosophy and values to improve human resource practice and recognition within the management agenda.

Wayang Cepak Tegal is a traditional performing art that has strong historical roots in Tegal City, Central Java, Indonesia. Over time, Wayang Cepak Tegal has undergone significant changes. Wayang Cepak Tegal experienced changes in form due to the influence of changes in human culture caused by technological advances that encourage contemporary transformation in the Tegal Cepak puppet show, these changes can be seen especially in terms of changes in characters, dimensions of form and duration of the show as well as the use of technology in the Tegal Cepak puppet show. Based on this, the research was conducted to examine the changes in Tegal Cepak puppetry from a historical perspective and see the contemporary transformation that occurred in the Tegal Cepak puppetry performance art, limited to changes in characterization, dimensions of form and duration of the Tegal Cepak puppetry performance. The research methods used included literature study, observation and interviews with the puppeteers of Wayang Cepak Tegal. The results of the study found that Tegal Cepak puppet experienced changes in characterization, shape dimensions, especially in proportion, the size changed from large to smaller and the duration of the performance was shorter. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide scientific contributions about changes in Tegal Cepak puppet, can also be a reference for academics and practitioners, and as a preservation effort through documentation of Tegal Cepak puppet as an important part of the cultural heritage of Tegal City in particular and Indonesia in general.
 Keywords: Evolution, Traditional Performing Arts, Contemporary Transformation, Wayang Cepak Tegal

The aim of the article is to explore the limitations of relying solely on material comfort, science, or work as the foundation for a meaningful life. Drawing on philosophical and historical perspectives, it argues that true human flourishing requires more than physical sustenance or technological advancement – it depends on purpose, autonomy, culture, and human connection. In order to advance this point, the text critiques the dominance of scientism and technocentrism, warning against neglecting the symbolic and humanistic dimensions essential to education and ethical development in an age shaped by AI and rapid technological change. To complement its critical approach, it examines contemporary cultural behaviours among the younger generation by presenting survey findings that highlight the evolving challenges in preparing them for a meaningful life beyond employment. Finally, it considers “the two cultures” and the possibility of a restored collaboration between science and the humanities in their strive for this goal and, eventually, for human self-understanding.

During the last two decades laser treatments have been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of visual loss in diabetic retinopathy, 1-3 age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 4-7 and branch retinal vein occlusions. 8,9 While the number of successful clinical trials proliferated and the benefits of laser therapy in retinal and choroidal diseases became increasingly well established, there was a parallel explosion in technologic advances that simultaneously introduced a variety of newer lasers into the market. New instrumentation has yielded lasers that can produce wavelengths from blue-green to green to yellow and to red, each at the touch of a button. Each technological advance in the rainbow came with theoretical advantages, but will new technology improve efficacy of treatment? Only recently have clinical trials provided the opportunity to expand the evaluation of these various wavelengths from the theoretical realm to a more practical arena. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES One of

This case study explores the dynamic evolution of China's audio economy industry, focusing on technological advancements, market trends, and key players, such as Ximalaya. With a historical perspective, it traces the industry's growth through distinct eras, from early audiobooks to the current era dominated by mobile internet and specialized audio services. Market data from AI Media Consulting underscores the industry's exponential growth, driven by factors like the increased demand for online learning and knowledge payment. Detailed demographic insights highlight the user composition and providing a comprehensive understanding of consumer behaviors and preferences. Central to this narrative is the pivotal role of Jianjun Yu, founder of Ximalaya, whose entrepreneurial journey and strategic vision have shaped the platform's prominence in delivering high-quality audio content. As the industry navigates developing media consumption habits and technological advancements, this case study offers valuable insights into the future trajectories of China's vibrant audio economy landscape.

Advancements in technology usually do not raise ethical or moral issues. Instead it is the application of these developments which raises some ethical questions; from the perspective of history, almost any use of a product of technological innovation can be made into a moral issue. Although the development of science and technology has a lot of advantages especially in the present context of knowledge-based technology, the questions of moral values and ethics are essential. Regardless of how well intended innovation and development of new technology have an ethical dimension. There is therefore, an increasing need for emphasis on the teaching of values, moral and ethics in institutions of higher learning alongside technical subjects. This paper examines the ethical implications in three broad thematic areas namely; information communication technology and the Internet, climate change and global warming and agricultural biotechnology. The paper therefore is an attempt to explore ways of minimizing the negative and adverse impact of science and technological advancement through ethical education in Kenya’s institutions. The paper is hinged on the concept of humanism in ethical philosophy which elevates the individual to the global level to preserve the environment and all therein. Ethical philosophy avoids possibilities for biological or nuclear conflicts, alleviates poverty, and faces the challenge of extremism, terrorism and intolerance. In other words, science and technological education should be guided by the humanism philosophy which is concerned with an ethical life. It emphasizes that human worthiness should be valued and technological innovations should be utilized while enhancing the dignity associated with the human person thus making novelty and scientific discoveries of greater value to humanity.

It is an exciting time in the RNA interference (RNAi) field. We are in the midst of a rich period of clinical translationmade possible by advances in delivery science and technology. Over the past few years alone, human of proof of concept for RNAi has been demonstrated using systemically administered small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics. Also, siRNA and microRNA (miRNA)-based therapeutics have advanced to the clinic for a variety of important diseases including rare diseases like transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis, infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, and cancer resulting in a growing pipeline of RNAi-based medicines. In addition, it is increasingly apparent that circulating RNAs in vivo may serve as biomarkers for use in clinical development and disease treatment. Techniques developed to capture and quantitate these RNA markers from serum and other body fluids will facilitate the development of RNAi-based and other medicines. The RNAi field has come a long way in the decade or so since the fundamental discoveries by Fire and Mello, Tuschl, and others during the period from 1998 to 2001 launched hope and high expectations for a new class of therapeutics based on RNAi. The ability to harness the potential of this biological discovery and achieve clinical translation is being made possible by progress in delivery science and technology. Transporting a highly negatively charged RNA macromolecule susceptible to enzymatic degradation and rapid clearance systemically to a specific cell type in the body and then intracellularly into the cell’s cytoplasm to engage the natural RNAi machinery is a tremendous challenge in drug delivery. This must be done with a delivery system that is both potent and safe in humans at a therapeutically relevant dose. The RNAi delivery field has now accomplished this feat, however, for specific cell types mostly in the liver. This issue of Drug Delivery and Translational Research (DDTR) provides an excellent overview of the state of the progress RNAi field with respect to delivery and clinical translation as well as a window on future directions in RNAi delivery from leading scientists in the field. While we have a considerable way to go to match the early expectations for RNAi, namely developing therapeutics to silence any gene in the genome, an increasing number of important new RNAi-based medicines enabled by the latest advances in delivery technology are now in the clinic to address significant unmet medical needs. As we consider where we stand today in the overall development of RNAi technology for new medicines, a historical perspective is helpful. Recombinant DNA technology for producing protein therapeutics was discovered in the 1970s. The first products emerged in the 1980s, and the technology was considered a platform in the pharmaceutical and emerging biotechnology industries with multiple commercialized products by the 1990s. This was a 20-year cycle. Similarly for monoclonal antibodies: discovery in the 1980s, first products in the 1990s, and platform in the 2000s. If RNAi technology follows this pattern, we are on track to see the first RNAi-based medicines commercialized in the next few years with the potential for RNAi technology to grow into a platform technology for new medicines over the next decade. Progress in delivery science and technology will continue to play a central role in determining this trajectory. This issue of DDTR provides an invaluable resource and reference for research and clinical translation in this exciting emerging field.

A historical perspective on ballistic evolution and its implications for maxillofacial surgery.