Historical crime and criminal justice classifications: Data and methodological considerations

Classification processes determine the entire nature of the prison experience, including but not limited to where an inmate is housed, whom he or she is housed with, the programs and work assignments available to or required of an inmate, visitation rights, and the amount or type of movement an inmate has within a facility. In making these important decisions, prisons have long relied on procedures to determine where and how to supervise inmates under their control. These classification processes are designed to maintain prison order, allocate necessary treatment services, and provide a transparent basis for decisions that affect inmate life. Classification decisions can be divided into several types: initial security/facility classification and custody classification (determined by external classification systems), housing program and work assignments (determined by internal classification systems), and re-classifications. Inmates undergo a rigorous classification process upon reception into a corrections department’s custody and are often subject to re-evaluations throughout their time incarcerated. The predominant goal of classification systems is to identify and manage inmate risk, and many studies have focused on classification systems and inmate misconduct, recidivism, and violence. As classification systems are also intended to diagnose inmate needs and provide treatment, and ensure the efficient allocation of correctional resources, scholars have focused classification systems’ impact on adjustment to prison, provision of treatment, and prison crowding. Research has questioned the ability of a single classification system to assess the risk and need of all inmates. Many studies have considered gender equity in classification decisions as well as the additional treatment needs and management considerations for incarcerated individuals with mental illness. Additional research has focused on administrative segregation, or classification decisions that result in the isolation of those who cannot be housed in the general inmate population. Complicating this literature is the changing nature of classification systems over time and the fact that all states and the federal government have adopted unique classification systems. It is therefore difficult to draw conclusions about the state of knowledge on classification practices as a whole. Nevertheless, the past several decades have seen an emphasis on objective classification, or empirically based strategies to make classification decisions. The use of risk assessment tools has become commonplace in this realm. Though past research focused on classification systems as a means to control and monitor inmates, a promising future direction lies in needs assessments and the ability to deliver individualized treatment to incarcerated individuals.

<p>The exponential growth of advanced communication technologies has corresponded with diverse opportunities for criminal offending within this arena. New forms of deviance are supported by the unique characteristics of the Internet environment, whilst pre-existing crimes are also paralleled online. Research indicates that content related offences, including cyberstalking and online sexual harassment, mirror offline gender disparities, although research addressing this disparity is minimal. The disparate victimisation of women, and the characteristics of cyberstalking, facilitates the recognition of this offence as a gendered form of harassment and the development of a theoretical framework responsive to this disparity. However, current theories addressing the Internet often display concepts concurrent with what is commonly referred to as the online disembodiment thesis. These concepts, namely the promotion of an absolute demarcation between the online and offline environment and the notion that bodies can be transcended online, are problematic when addressing the online victimisation of women as feminist theorists have located much of women's power in the centrality of the body. To inform the development of a gendered framework appropriate for an assessment of cyberstalking this thesis rejected the online disembodiment thesis, alternatively employing the theories of the body to develop a theoretical framework appropriate for an examination of cyberstalking. Criminologists are currently in an exploratory research era in regards to cybercrime, the growth of which has thus far not been matched by criminological scholarship. Consequently, there currently exists little methodological precedent for the researcher intending to qualitatively examine the online victimisation of women. The lack of methodological precedent prioritised the development of a methodological framework suitable for researching the online victimisation of women. The development of an alternative theoretical framework that recognised the immutability of bodies online subsequently informed the development of two key methodological considerations. The methodological considerations developed in this thesis lay the foundations for additional research on cyberstalking and prioritise a gendered assessment of this crime.</p>

Seeking to redress the traditional focus of historical criminology on the West and Global North, Imperial Crime and Punishment brings a fresh perspective to this burgeoning field by drawing instead on imperial contexts. Chapters focus on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which witnessed the development of the recognisably ‘modern’ institutions of the criminal justice system, including policing and institutions of punishment and care. The collection broadly covers punishment and its institutions, enforcement, a reflection on methodological considerations for digital crime history, and more. Examining imperial contexts such as India and Australia beyond their immediate geographical context, authors highlight the global and imperial context including the movement of ideas between the British state and colonies, the international dimension of global punishments, and movement of labour in this period. Offering empirically-based studies from the archives in order to understand and question beliefs about crime and social harm today, as well as ongoing practices both in, and outside of, the criminal justice system, Imperial Crime and Punishment provides a broad temporal and spatial scope to build the historical criminology literature and better understand and critique the world as it currently is.

Though there are wetlands listed by the IUCN and wetland protection areas designated by the government, it is presumed that there would be more wetlands in Korea when they are surveyed and classified according to international wetland criteria, but a considerable amount of area is yet to be identified. Therefore, in order to conduct a systematic status survey on the wetlands of Korea, a wetland classification system needs to be developed first. The objectives of this paper include reviewing international wetland classifications and mapping systems of the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan and North Korea and developing a wetland classification and mapping system appropriate to Korea based on an understanding of the major case examples of wetland types. Then, the developed system was applied to the Phanmun field watershed located at the western DMZ in Korea to conduct a case study. The overall process of a wetland classification and mapping system developed in this study is undertaken as the following from step 1 to step 5. First, wetlands are identified based on three parameters: hydrology, hydrophytes and hydric soil. Second, wetland delineation distinguished wetland areas and non-wetland areas by identifying wetlands through a field survey. Third, an ecological survey is conducted in order to classify wetland characteristics and types for the target area. Ecological survey items include the topography, landscape, biota, pollutant sources and land use status. Fourth, a wetland classification is developed through a hybrid approach based on HGM (the hydrogeomorphic method). Level 1 is classified into inland, estuarine and costal areas. Level 2, the target area, is classified as an eco-region at a watershed level, and level 3 is classified into depression, riverine, slope, flat and fringe areas based on a HGM approach. Level 4 is classified into detailed wetland types based on specific characteristics of wetlands. Level 5 is classified into marsh and swamp based on grasslands and shrubs and forest trees. Level 6 indicates the dominant vegetation communities.

Interpretive phenomenology presents a unique methodology for inquiring into lived experience, yet few scholarly articles provide methodological guidelines for researchers, and many studies lack coherence with the methodology’s philosophical foundations. This article contributes to filling these gaps in qualitative research by examining the following question: What are the key methodological and philosophical considerations of leading an interpretive phenomenological study? An exploration of interpretive phenomenology’s foundations, including Heideggerian philosophy and Benner’s applications in health care, will show how the philosophical tradition can guide research methodology. The interpretive phenomenological concepts of Dasein, lived experience, existentialia, authenticity are at the core of the discussion while relevant methodological concerns include research paradigm, researcher’s stance, objective and research question, sampling and recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. A study of pediatric intensive care unit nurses’ lived experience of a major hospital transformation project will illustrate these research considerations. This methodological article is innovative in that it explicitly describes the ties between the operational elements of an interpretive phenomenological study and the philosophical tradition. This endeavor is particularly warranted, as the essence of phenomenology is to bring to light what is taken for granted, and yet phenomenological research paradoxically makes frequent assumptions concerning the philosophical underpinnings.

In this study, we developed a speech data transcription tool that integrates speech segmentation, speaker classification, speech transcription, and editing processes for the purpose of shortening transcription time of audio data. The system converts the speech data into standardized transcription data that is used as an input to a spoken corpus construction system. The speech segmentation and speaker classification process was developed using deep learning technologies and the transcription process uses the Google API. It was confirmed that the experiment performed to compare with the existing ELAN and notepad tool saves half of the processing time

BACKGROUND:Direct transmission of notifiable disease information in a real-time and reliable way to public health decision-makers is imperative for early identification of epidemiological trends as well as proper response to potential pandemic like ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 crisis. Thus, this research aimed to develop of semantic-sharing and collaborative-modeling to meet the information exchange requirements of Iran's notifiable diseases surveillance system.MATERIALS AND METHODS:First, the Iran's Notifiable diseases Minimum Data Set (INMDS) was determined according to a literature review coupled with agreements of experts. Then the INMDS was mapped to international terminologies and classification systems, and the Health Level seven-Clinical Document Architecture (HL7-CDA) standard was leveraged to define the exchangeable and machine-readable data formats.RESULTS:A core dataset consisting of 15 classes and 96 data fields was defined. Data elements and response values were mapped to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT) reference terminology. Then HL7-CDA standard for interoperable data exchange were defined.CONCLUSION:The notifiable disease surveillance requires an integrative participation of multidisciplinary team. In this field, data interoperability is more essential due to the heterogeneous nature of health information systems. Developing of INMDS based on HL7-CDA along with SNOMED-CT codes offers an inclusive and interoperable dataset that can help make notifiable diseases data more comparable and reportable across studies and organizations. The proposed data model will be further modifications in the future according probable changes in Iran's notifiable diseases list.

The process of classification helps us organize knowledge and it helps us to better appreciate relationships and connections. Classification also facilitates communication, and good classification systems will be (to some degree) practical and utilitarian. While the problematic nature of acid sulfate (AS) soils has been recognized (by some) at least since the 18th century, much of what we understand about AS soils only began to be recognized around the time of the 1st International AS Soils Conference in 1972. As our modern soil classification systems emerged during the last half century, many of their architects knew to incorporate these challenging and unique soils. Thus, as our experience and understanding of these soils has expanded, we have also seen corresponding changes or adaptations in the classification systems to accommodate the new knowledge. In this paper we examine revised principles, perspectives and structures for the classification of AS soils through three systems used broadly around the world: US Soil Taxonomy, the World Reference Base for Soil Resources and the Australian Soil Classification. All of these classification systems have accommodated AS soils throughout their history and each has demonstrated distinctive changes during particular periods. As our concepts and understanding of AS soils have developed, these have become encoded (quickly or slowly) in our classifications. This paper will explore how various AS soil concepts have been addressed within these three classification systems, how these concepts have changed through time, and how changes in each system have preceded, followed or paralleled the other systems. We highlight differences between systems that have existed and that may remain, and offer perspectives on the rationale for these distinctives. We will also demonstrate the ways in which collaborations and shared knowledge have drawn parts of these systems more closely together.

Study question Does a standardized histopathological classification system lead to a robust interobserver agreement to diagnose chronic endometritis (CE) and can an accurate computation algorithm be developed? Summary answer The proposed scoring system has a particularly good to excellent interobserver agreement among pathologists. A machine-learning algorithm outperformed pathologists in the clinically most relevant 2-tier-system. What is known already Plasma cell (PC) presence in the stromal endometrium has been proposed as a marker for CE, yet no standardized classification system that considers the amount or distribution of PCs exists. Also, interobserver agreement has been insufficiently reported in the previous publications on the topic. Without a robust histopathological score, the potential clinical impact of CE on ART treatment outcomes cannot be investigated. This issue is strongly reflected in the heterogeneity of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, specifically for patients experiencing repeated implantation failure (RIF) or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Study design, size, duration A 5-tier classification system based on CD138-positive PCs (Roche B-A38/automated Ventana system) was established: class0 (no PCs), classIPC (isolated PCs), class1 (³1 cluster of 5-19 PCs/0.25mm2), class2 (³1 cluster of 20-49 PCs/0.25mm2), class3 (³1 cluster of 50 or more PCs/0.25mm2). A test set of 78 endometrial biopsies (collected over two years) was selected by a certified pathologist who sorted >1000 biopsies to ensure the full spectrum of PC counts/distribution was accounted for. Participants/materials, setting, methods The 3DHistech-platform digitized the slides (pixel size 0.2738x0.2738mm) and a scoring session was set up in the Pathomation software suite. Six pathologists scored independently after training. Overall agreement was expressed by Fleiss’ Kappa values. Pairwise interobserver agreement was calculated using Cohen’s Kappa statistics. A supervised machine-learning algorithm was developed in QuPath(V0.4.2) and considered a seventh observer in the interobserver agreement calculations. Main results and the role of chance The CD138-based semiquantitative scoring system showed particularly good to excellent interobserver agreement among all observers. Overall agreement values were 0.722 for the 5-tier system and 0.858 for the 2-tier system (0+IPC versus 1 + 2+3, which was considered the clinically most relevant classification, i.e. CE absent versus diagnosed). Pairwise interobserver agreement was 0.871-0.951. Intra-class correlations varied from 0.727 to 0.839 in the 5-tier system and 0.893 to 0.965 in the 2-tier system. All findings were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The supervised machine-learning algorithm was able to compete with human pathologist observers and outperformed them in the 2-tier system. The proposed classification system provides a framework for assessing the presence and severity of endometrial PC infiltration and can guide further research. Limitations, reasons for caution Inconsistent staining intensity, non-specific epithelial staining and background interference are common problems that might limit interlaboratory use of the algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm has not yet been associated to patient/clinical parameters. Accurate analysis of an endometrial biopsy might still be insufficient to provide a formal diagnosis of CE. Wider implications of the findings To unravel the association between PCs in endometrial biopsies (as a proxy for the diagnosis of CE) and the reproductive outcomes following ART, a standardized methodology is of crucial importance for future studies. Higher accuracy, efficieny and automation are advantages when using computer-aided diagnostics for CE. Trial registration number BUN 143202042810

Methodological considerations—an attempt to use treatment outcomes to validate a classification system for back problems: a critical analysis of a quasi-experiment

The heterogeneous multidisciplinary spatial information data with multi-granularity and sophisticated semantics of features in the wide area of Sichuan-Tibet railway, which leads to the inconsistency of data content/format and spatio-temporal datum.Therefore, it is difficult to integrate/analyse relevant data efficiently. In order to establish the concept system of cognitive sharing for the unified expression of spatial information of Sichuan-Tibet railway, firstly, this article has studied and depicted the geometry, scale, topology, attribute, behavior characteristics and interactive relationship of different feature types such as geographygeologyfacilitiesmeteorologyecologydisaster and personnel; secondly, according to the framework of relevant national standard classification and coding system, the study has regulated the unified coding rules and expanding methods, conducted substantialization classification upon various feature types into the minimum management unit. Based on the rules, the classification in higher level (primary category, subcategory, large class and medium class) and the classification in lower level (level Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ subclasses) was expanded and reduced according to the application requirements of Sichuan-Tibet railway respectively, leaving 2 primary categories, 6 subcategories, 27 large classes and 87 medium classes in total. On this basis, each feature entity in the classification system was coded and given a unique and unambiguous identity, so as to implement the precise mapping between three-dimensional spatial information and feature entities and provide support for the construction of Sichuan-Tibet railway.

PurposeIn this pitch research letter (PRL), the authors reflect on their research journey in replicating Levi, Li and Zhang (2014) for the AFAANZ Finance SIG 2020 Shark Tank Pitch event.Design/methodology/approachThe authors outline their experience in using the pitch template and discuss some issues and considerations one might encounter when replicating a study using Australian data.FindingsThey found the pitch template useful for planning our replication and for developing a thorough understanding of the different aspects involved in completing the project (such as data and methodology considerations as well as motivation and contribution to existing knowledge).Originality/valueThis PRL highlights the benefits of replicating an existing study using Australian data, and outlines some potential challenges (and solutions) one may encounter along the way. This experience is expected to be useful to early career researchers and those beginning to work with Australian data.

To compare the intra-observer reproducibility and inter-observer reliability regarding the results of Lenke's and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) classification systems for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Five spine surgeons independently measured the X ray films of 62 AIS patients using both Lenke and PUMC classification systems. Three weeks later, the spine surgeons repeated the same classification process. No measurement trace was allowed to be left on the X ray films. SAS software was used to calculate the Kappa values and analyze the intra-observer reproducibility and inter-observer reliability The overall reliability and reproducibility rates of the Lenke classification system were 69.8% (Kappa value = 0.675) and 74.2% (Kappa value = 0.690) respectively, in which the curve characteristic parameter reliability and reproducibility rates were 86.5% (Kappa value = 0.808) and 87.4% (Kappa value 0.826) respectively, the lumbar correction reliability and reproducibility rates were 95.2% (Kappa value = 0.919) and 94.5% (Kappa value = 0.908) respectively, and the sagittal thoracic correction reliability and reproducibility rates were 85.2% (Kappa value = 0.734) and 89.0% (Kappa value = 0.805 respectively). The reliability and reproducibility rates of the PUMC classification system were 91.0% (Kappa value = 0.896) and 90.2% (Kappa value = 0.892) respectively. The reliability and reproducibility rates of the Lenke classification system were better than the previously reported results. However, the PUMC classification system expresses better reliability and reproducibility. The PUMC classification system is relatively easier with fewer curve types, hence leading to less divergence among the clinicians. Comparing to the classifications used in the past, both classification systems have the advantages of correctly categorizing AIS according to its individual traits, as well as accurately examining the X ray results, hence achieving significance in terms of surgical outcome and design.

This is a decades-old question. In 1988, Daly and Chesney-Lind suggested that criminology was awakening from its “androcentric slumber” thanks to feminist critiques. This article looks at the history of criminology in terms of when gender analysis was or was not introduced; in particular, a series of “missed opportunities” concerning gender are explored the work of Sutherland and that of Cohen, Sampson, and others. In some of this classical criminological scholarship, gender was initially identified as a major cause of crime but thereafter overlooked. The article also analyzes how critical criminologists continued to under-emphasize the importance of gender despite advancing the discipline through significant examinations of social inequalities and crime. The article also turns to contemporary challenges to the mainstream that emerged from later critical and feminist criminologists who have proffered innovative advances about gender and intersectional analyses regarding crime. The article concludes with thoughts about moving feminist criminology forward toward a more intellectually diverse and complete discipline.

Inúmeros métodos de classificação de arcos parcialmente edentados têm sido propostos e vêm sendo utilizados até a presente data. A análise da literatura revelou grande controvérsia entre os autores devido aos inúmeros parâmetros envolvidos na tentativa de se estabelecerem métodos classificatórios. Em relação às variações graduais entre suporte mucoso e dental e aspectos anatômicos e topográficos, a posição dos retentores diretos e indiretos ainda permanece muito confusa. Tentando compreender melhor esses problemas, realizamos uma análise de todos os aspectos relacionados com essas classificações, discutindo-as e comentando-as. Pudemos verificar que nenhuma das classificações da literatura, aplicadas isoladamente, é plenamente satisfatória na indicação e no planejamento do tratamento protético. O ensino das classificações dos arcos parcialmente edentados deve ser incentivado nas escolas de Odontologia por constituir um valioso meio auxiliar nas dificuldades iniciais do trabalho protético, facilitando o planejamento das Próteses Parciais Removíveis (PPRs). Em função dos aspectos analisados, ficou clara a necessidade de serem utilizadas simultaneamente, no mínimo, três classificações, uma topográfica, outra com bases mecânico-funcionais e uma terceira com as características do tipo de transmissão de esforços aos elementos dentais e ao rebordo residual. As sistematizações com parâmetros fisiopatológicos, embora importantes pelos seus conceitos e fundamentos, mostraram-se extremamente complexas, limitando sua total utilização. Assim, considerações metodológicas envolvendo os sistemas de classificação são elementos importantes quanto a apresentação, discussão e planejamento de casos clínicos, bem como fundamentais na elaboração de pesquisas relacionadas à Prótese Parcial Removível.