Historical analysis of national subjective wellbeing using millions of digitized books.

The United Nations General Assembly has proclaimed carrying out the first decade of the twenty first century to fight for poverty eradication, the solution of environmental problems and completion of resources and health of the population of the planet, that is the solution of problems of global wellbeing. Global uniform wellbeing is reached by alignment of national and individual wellbeing by all countries to the level of healthy peaceful just activity. National wellbeing includes four main broad aspects: society, economy, environment and individual wellbeing. Individual wellbeing can be subjective and objective. Objective wellbeing is defined by the conditions which arent depending on the individual which exert impact on his life. Subjective wellbeing depends on the person. National wellbeing and individual subjective wellbeing are interconnected. National wellbeing helps to improve subjective individual wellbeing of citizens, and subjective individual wellbeing promotes accumulation of national wellbeing. National and individual wellbeing is estimated how there live people what economic, administrative, social, educational and ecological wellbeing. When national and individual wellbeing begin to be resolved by science and religion in one direction as two aspects spiritual and material, and they will begin to interact in a full consent with each other, then the progress in science will promote creation of living conditions which will allow to reach to mankind of global wellbeing.In article spiritual, social, economic and administrative wellbeing which, generally define individual, national and global wellbeing is considered.

We develop a new way to measure national subjective well-being across the very long run where traditional survey data on well-being is not available. Our method is based on quantitative analysis of digitized text from millions of books published over the past 200 years, long before the widespread availability of consistent survey data. The method uses psychological valence norms for thousands of words in different languages to compute the relative proportion of positive and negative language for four different nations (the USA, UK, Germany and Italy). We validate our measure against existing survey data from the 1970s onwards (when such data became available) showing that our measure is highly correlated with surveyed life satisfaction. We also validate our measure against historical trends in longevity and GDP (showing a positive relationship) and conflict (showing a negative relationship). Our measure allows a first look at changes in subjective well-being over the past two centuries, for instance highlighting the dramatic fall in well-being during the two World Wars and rise in relation to longevity.

Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was employed to examine the relations between person‐level subjective well‐being (SWB) and peace‐relevant attitudes, and how these relations vary across nations in the World Values Survey. Person‐level SWB was associated with more confidence in the government and armed forces, greater emphasis on postmaterialist values, stronger support for democracy, less intolerance of immigrants and racial groups, and greater willingness to fight for one's country. These associations were moderated at the nation level by liberal development, violent inequality, gross domestic product, and nation‐level SWB. The moderator effects indicate that happy people are not completely blind to the conditions of their society and that their endorsement of peace attitudes is sensitive to whether the conditions for peace do exist.

Predictors of subjective physical health and global well-being were compared in a representative U.S. (N = 2,400) and a German (N = 1,607) sample of adults (age range: 25-65 years). Because of cultural overlap between Western industrialized nations, similarities in predictive patterns were expected. Differences in the economic and social systems as well as the cultural background, however, should also generate differences. As expected, the overall predictive power of the three sets of predictors (sociostructural variables, personality traits, and self-regulatory characteristics) was sizable in both countries. The strongest unique predictors were self-regulatory indicators for subjective physical health and personality traits for global well-being. In addition, however, theory-consistent country differences emerged in how personal and social resources seem to be orchestrated to maximize well-being. The pursuits of health and happiness or subjective well-being are central to human existence. Not surprisingly, therefore, subjective well-being and subjective physical health are popular topics of psychological research. Questions concerning the personal characteristics and contextual factors that predict global and domainspecific subjective well-being are central in that line of research. In the context of bottom-up and top-down models of subjective well-being, three main sources are discussed: sociostructural characteristics, personality traits, and self-regulatory indicators (e.g., Brief, Butcher, George, & Link, 1993; Costa et al, 1987; Diener, 1994; Ryff, 1989; Smith, Fleeson, Geiselmann, Settersten, & Kunzmann, 1999; Staudinger & Fleeson 1996; Veenhoven, 1991). Further, lifespan theory argues that sociostructural characteristics as well as psychological characteristics might take on different functions and, therefore, show different effects depending on the larger cultural context in which they are embedded (e.g., P. B.

Previous articleNext article No AccessA Model for the Explanation of Industrial Expansion during the Nineteenth Century: With an Application to the American Iron IndustryRobert W. Fogel and Stanley L. EngermanRobert W. Fogel Search for more articles by this author and Stanley L. Engerman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 77, Number 3May - Jun., 1969 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259518 Views: 12Total views on this site Citations: 16Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1969 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Richard H. Steckel Robert W. Fogel (1926–2013), (Jan 2023): 773–788.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01775-9_30David Mitch The Contributions of Robert Fogel to Cliometrics, (Aug 2019): 33–59.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00181-0_49David Mitch The Contributions of Robert Fogel to Cliometrics, (Oct 2018): 1–27.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_49-1Robert C. Allen American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History, The Journal of Economic History 74, no.22 (May 2014): 309–350.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002205071400028XDavid Greasley, Les Oxley Clio and the Economist: Making Historians Count, (Sep 2011): 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444346725.ch1David Greasley, Les Oxley CLIO AND THE ECONOMIST: MAKING HISTORIANS COUNT, Journal of Economic Surveys 24, no.55 (Oct 2010): 755–774.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00649.xJoseph H. Davis, Douglas A. Irwin The antebellum U.S. iron industry: Domestic production and foreign competition, Explorations in Economic History 45, no.33 (Jul 2008): 254–269.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2007.10.002Douglas A. Irwin Could the United States Iron Industry Have Survived Free Trade after the Civil War?, Explorations in Economic History 37, no.33 (Jul 2000): 278–299.https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2000.0741Peter J. Taylor Building on Construction: An Exploration of Heterogeneous Constructionism, Using an Analogy from Psychology and a Sketch from Socioeconomic Modeling, Perspectives on Science 3, no.11 (Feb 1995): 66–98.https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00474C.Knick Harley The antebellum American tariff: Food exports and manufacturing, Explorations in Economic History 29, no.44 (Oct 1992): 375–400.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(92)90001-DRobert William Fogel Notes on the Social Saving Controversy, The Journal of Economic History 39, no.11 (May 2010): 1–54.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700096285John A James The welfare effects of the antebellum tariff: A general equilibrium analysis, Explorations in Economic History 15, no.33 (Jul 1978): 231–256.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(78)90009-8Rainer Fremdling Railroads and German Economic Growth: A Leading Sector Analysis with a Comparison to the United States and Great Britain, The Journal of Economic History 37, no.33 (May 2010): 583–604.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700095395 Paul L. Joskow , and Edward F. McKelvey The Fogel-Engerman Iron Model: A Clarifying Note, Journal of Political Economy 81, no.55 (Oct 2015): 1236–1240.https://doi.org/10.1086/260117Clayne Pope The impact of the ante-bellum tariff on income distribution, Explorations in Economic History 9 (Jan 1971): 375–421.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(71)90067-2Paul A. David Learning By Doing and Tariff Protection: A Reconsideration of the Case of the Ante-Bellum United States Cotton Textile Industry, The Journal of Economic History 30, no.33 (Feb 2011): 521–601.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002205070008623X

The initial heart and mission of Chinese communists is to seek happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.” This is an important content proposed by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which was successfully held in October 2017, further clarifying the party and the people’s future goals. In this booming era, people’s happiness has become extremely urgent and important, but it has also raised another important issue for us: from what aspects to give people happiness, and how to give people happiness. Focusing on this issue, this paper studies the life trend of residents’ happiness, and the main influencing factors at different stages of life from the perspective of life domains satisfaction. Although the division of main life domains is still in the research stage, according to the existing literature, the generally recognized fields that affect the overall happiness of individuals mainly include health, family, economy and job. According to China’s national conditions and the development direction of Marshall’s demand theory, the influence of social environment on residents’ happiness is increasingly prominent, which becomes an important factor that cannot be ignored. Therefore, the paper not only focuses on the main life domains of health, family, economy and job, but also includes social environmental factors, and studies the impact of five main life domains satisfaction on residents’ happiness. The research on the influence of main life domains satisfaction on subjective well-being （SWB） reflects the high degree of integration between the objective goal that economic research pays attention to and the expected goal that psychology research pays attention to. This paper innovatively studies the marginal effect and the dynamic change of the influence of main life domains satisfaction on SWB, ranks life domains satisfaction according to the marginal effect at different ages, and then provides targeted policy suggestions on how to effectively make people happy. The study finds that the SWB of Chinese residents shows a U-shaped trend, first declining and then rising with age. The marginal effects of the five main life domains satisfaction on SWB vary according to the age difference. These marginal effects, from big to small order （in addition to the family satisfaction） respectively are: economic satisfaction, social environment satisfaction, health satisfaction, and job satisfaction. The marginal effect of family satisfaction is special, and the effect on SWB tends to be inverted U-shaped. Taken together, before middle age （about 46）, the improvement of family satisfaction increases SWB most, the second one is economic satisfaction, and job satisfaction has the minimum marginal effect. When young, the improvement in non-monetary factors is more conducive to happiness than that in monetary ones, which is more obvious for urban residents. Therefore, it may be more rational for young urban people to start a family and start a career”. For rural residents’ happiness, improving economic satisfaction is always the first priority. Promoting happiness, in addition to personal and family efforts, the government can also improve residents’ various life domains satisfaction from various angles. Clarifying the policy supply target according to the urgency of residents’ demand will greatly improve the effectiveness of individual activities and government policies, thus to improve residents’ SWB to the greatest extent. You will feel achievement when you always treat bringing happiness to the people as the original intention.

Culture and Subjective Well–Being, MIT Press, 2000. Edited by E. Diener & E. M. Suh. “It’s the good life to be free and explore the unknown. . .” — The Good Life (1963, words by J. Reardon and music by S. Distel) Exploring the positive side of human experience is rapidly becoming a preoccupation among psychologists. Conferences, journal articles, books and book chapters, and awards are now devoted to the study of “positive psychology,” the examination of what factors keep people happy and healthy, if not always wealthy and wise. Teachers should get on the bandwagon, too, so that their students will learn how and why positive psychology—the theoretical and empirical pursuit of happiness—represents both an emerging trend as well as a sea change in academic psychology (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). The study of subjective well–being (SWB) represents one of the earliest forays into the burgeoning field known as positive psychology (e.g., Diener, 1984). What is SWB, and why is it a timely psychological construct worthy of interest to teachers of social and clinical psychology? SWB refers to comparative private experiences regarding the self–perceived quality of people’s lives (e.g., “Am I happy about my life?” “Does my life have a purpose?”), and it involves both affective (ongoing emotional reactions) and cognitive (life satisfaction) components (Diener & Diener, 1995). Research on SWB tackles the web of questions centering on who is satisfied and happy with his or her lot in life, and why. The age old question, “What is the good life?,” is no longer quite so rhetorical; not only are researchers providing some answers, they are broadening the question by introducing a new element—the role of culture—into the proceedings. What roles do economic, political, and personal freedom play in SWB? Instructors who like to demonstrate to students that quality of life issues involving such factors should not be exclusively evaluated through a Western lens will be drawn to using Culture and Subjective Well–Being in their classrooms. The editors and authors of this book share an interest in surveying quality of life issues in different countries and then making cross–society comparisons of SWB. Some intriguing

Your fathers’ mistakes: Critiques of GDP and the search for an alternative

Big data modelling using microblogs is applied to acquire nationwide representative panel data on subjective well-being. The analysis directly validates the influence of China's Livelihood Index on subjective well-being. Using panel data on subjective well-being collected for the period from 2010 to 2021 from users of the Weibo (Sina Corporation, Beijing, China) microblogging platform, this study finds Granger causality running from China's Livelihood Index to subjective well-being and that the two are positively correlated. We also find Granger causality running from a life stress indicator to a life satisfaction indicator. The education indicator model is found to be positively correlated with life satisfaction and positive emotions, whereas the life stress indicator and life satisfaction are negatively correlated. Medical and health indicators are positively related to life satisfaction, while a negative correlation is found between the traffic indicator model and life satisfaction. The relationship between economic development and subjective well-being also displays bidirectional Granger causality and a positive correlation. However, in China's provinces and prefecture-level cities with relatively strong economic growth, the correlation between the livelihood index and economic development appears to be weaker. We suggest boosting gross domestic product per capita and absolute per capita income to increase subjective well-being in less developed western China. Bridging the gross domestic product per capita gap nationwide may also positively influence subjective well-being. To achieve this, we suggest measures that include improving medical and health services, alleviating traffic congestion, increasing the teacher-student ratio and improving the education universalisation rate. These steps would improve the equitable and balanced development of China's Livelihood Index across the country's 31 provinces.

The study of subjective well-being (SWB) has attracted considerable attention from scholars globally. This has stimulated numerous studies that have identified regional and individual factors associated with SWB, but the extant research lacks multi-level studies that simultaneously examine their influence on SWB. Environmental pollution is one of such factors, but few studies have investigated its effect on SWB in China particularly. The current study addressed these problems by conducting hierarchical linear regressions to explore the effects of regional and individual factors on Chinese people's SWB. Three major environmental pollutions (wastewater pollution, domestic waste pollution, and air pollution) were studied using data from the Chinese General Social Survey 2013 and China Statistical Yearbook 2014. The results indicated that wastewater pollution and domestic waste pollution had significant negative influence on SWB. Moreover, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita might contribute more to the improvement of SWB than income inequality. This implies that individuals' SWB might be enhanced by improving absolute income, which is consistent with the micro-level proposition of the Easterlin paradox. Overall, these findings signal that effective management of environmental pollution is essential for promoting the SWB of the people in China.

This chapter describes the effects of personality factors on subjective well-being. Lucas and Diener (2009), in their article on personality and subjective well-being, made reference to a seminal article written by Warner Wilson (1967) who compiled the first scientific literature review of studies related to subjective well-being (Wilson called subjective well-being “a vowed happiness”). In that seminal article, he concluded that happy people are extraverted, optimistic, worry free, have high self-esteem, and modest aspirations. Lucas and Diener asserted that much of the research relating personality with subjective well-being conducted after 1967 have reinforced Wilson’s original observations. But the research says more, much more. Let us now look at the evidence closely.

The present paper explored the relation of wealth and support for self-determination to national subjective well-being (SWB). Support for self-determination was considered from both a political and cultural values standpoint. The results confirmed associations between wealth, support for self-determination, and well-being in a large sample of countries. Importantly, political and cultural value supports for self-determination remained significantly associated with national well-being (as measured by happiness reports and life expectancy) even after controlling for national differences in wealth.

There is a growing body of population survey data on national subjective well-being which allows comparisons across countries and across periods. Key issues in this work are as follows. Can response to questions on well-being be meaningfully compared across countries and periods? What social conditions are associated with greater well-being both between countries and across periods? Are there lessons for how global well-being might be improved? This review aims to give an overview of this area and its relevance to psychiatric epidemiology. Systematic searches of the literature were carried out using eight academic databases between August 2012 and January 2013. Subjective well-being involves multiple components, including cognitive evaluation of satisfaction with life and emotional state, and these are separable from mental ill health. Although there are difficulties in measuring subjective well-being in comparable ways cross-culturally, there is sufficient evidence of validity to make comparisons meaningful. The subjective well-being of nations increases with income per capita, but gains are smaller in higher-income countries. Other national factors that affect well-being include income inequality, social welfare, individualism, democracy and freedom, social capital and physical health. Economic growth of lower-income nations will improve global subjective well-being. However, this needs to be sustainable or it will reduce the well-being of future generations. Higher-income nations need to focus on other determinants of well-being. Research on cross-national well-being suggests a number of directions that may be profitably pursued in psychiatric epidemiology.

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated how the accessibility of greenspace can shift in response to social-ecological disturbance, and generated questions as to how changing dimensions of accessibility affect the ecosystem services of greenspace, such as improved subjective well-being. Amidst the growing consensus of the important role of greenspace in improving and maintaining well-being through times of duress, we examine how access to greenspace is affecting subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both the relationship of greenspace to subjective well-being and the barriers to greenspace access are well-established for normal conditions. Much remains to be known, however, about how barriers to access and the effect of greenspace on subjective well-being shift in response to periods of social duress, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from surveys and interviews conducted with 1,200 university students in the United States during the spring of 2020, we assess the effect of going outdoors on subjective well-being, commonly experienced barriers to going outside, and how these barriers in turn affected subjective well-being. We find that time spent outside, particularly in greenspace, correlates with higher levels of subjective well-being, and that concern over COVID-19 risk and transmission negatively affects this relationship both in reducing time spent outdoors and the subjective well-being benefits. We also find that type of greenspace (public vs. private) does not have a significant effect on subjective well-being, that while those in areas with lower population density have significantly higher subjective well-being when outdoors, all participants experience a statistically equal benefit to subjective well-being by going outside. Our findings suggest how understanding the ways dimensions of accessibility shift in response to times of social duress can aid public health messaging, the design and management of greenspace, and environmental justice efforts to support the use of greenspace in improving and maintaining subjective well-being during future crisis events.