Histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A, activates p21WAF1/CIP1 expression through downregulation of c-myc and release of the repression of c-myc from the promoter in human cervical cancer cells

Abstract

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have shown promise in clinical cancer therapy and to consistently induce p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in a p53-independent manner and via increased acetylation of the chromatin at the Sp1 sites in the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter region. However, the exact mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors induce p21WAF1/CIP1 remains unclear. In this study, we observed that Trichostatin A (TSA), a HDAC inhibitor, induced strikingly p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, and this induction correlated with downregulation of c-myc expression. Coincident with this observation, knock down of c-myc with a c-myc specific small interfering RNA dramatically induced expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 in these cancer cells. These data suggest that c-myc may play a critical role in repression of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in HeLa cells. More importantly, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we observed for the first time that c-myc bound to the endogenous p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter in untreated HeLa cells, but not in TSA-treated cells. Taken together, TSA induced c-myc downregulation and release from the endogenous p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter contributes, at least partially, to transcriptional activation of the p21WAF1/CIP1 in HeLa cells.