Abstract

En meme temps qu'elle beneficie d'un regain d'interet certain, l'histoire economique de l'Afrique suscite aujourd'hui des controverses methodologiques intenses, dont deux livres publies recemment par Morten Jerven se font l'echo, Poor Numbers et Africa: Why Economists Get It Wrong . Pour une bonne part, ces controverses renvoient plus largement aux differences entre le metier d'economiste et celui d'historien, au moins dans leurs pratiques dominantes. Dans leur quete des «fondamentaux» institutionnels du developpement economique, beaucoup de travaux se satisfont encore d'une base de donnees sommaire et imparfaite, une approche que M. Jerven a raison de critiquer. Les analyses souffrent souvent d'une connaissance insuffisante des contextes sociaux et compressent le temps historique entre un «avant» et un «maintenant». Elles s'appuient egalement sur des hypotheses statistiques contestables. Meme si les archives existantes ont des limites a la fois qualitatives (sources coloniales principalement) et quantitatives, il n'en reste pas moins qu'une modeste renaissance n'est pas hors de portee, afin de donner leur place a des analyses comparatives mieux maitrisees. Abstract: Though it is currently benefiting from a renewal of interest, the economic history of Africa raises intense methodological controversies that are echoed in two books recently published by Morten Jerven, Poor Numbers and Africa: Why Economists Get It Wrong . A large proportion of these controversies relate more generally to the differences between economists and historians, at least in their dominant practices. In its quest for the institutional fundamentals of economic development, much research in this field is content to work with a summary and imperfect base of data, an approach that Jerven is right to criticize. Analyses often suffer from an insufficient knowledge of social contexts, and compress historical time between a before and a now. They also rely on debatable statistical assumptions. Nevertheless, though existing archives display limitations that are both qualitative (the sources are predominantly colonial) and quantitative, a modest renaissance remains a possibility and would offer more space for better controlled comparative analyses.

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